Fig. 4.

Metabolites in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Compilation of the main disrupted metabolites and metabolic enzymes (red color) in psoriasis and their interconnections. Created with BioRender.com. Abbreviations: PA phosphatidic acid, DAG diacylglycerol, PE phosphatidylethanolamine, PC phosphatidylcholine, PS Phosphatidylserine, VLDL very low-density lipoproteins, HDL high-density lipoprotein, IDL intermediate-density lipoproteins, LDL low-density lipoproteins, HK2 hexokinase 2, PKM2 pyruvate kinase M2, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, BCAAs branched-chain amino acids, SDH succinate dehydrogenase, GLS glutaminase, EAAs essential amino acid, ETC electron transport chain, AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase, ATP adenosine triphosphate, ADP adenosine diphosphate, AMP adenosine monophosphate, ROS reactive oxygen species