Table 4.
Comparison of blood glucose indices between the two groups, before and after the intervention period.
| Variables | ACV α
n = 37 |
Control β
n = 36 |
p-value £ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
| FBG (mg/dl) | ||||
| Before | 170.45 ± 82.39 | 138.91 ± 58.71 | 0.003 | |
| After | 147.59 ± 72.75 | 136.72 ± 43.27 | 0.44 | |
| Change | — 22.86 ± 53.38 | — 2.19 ± 63.63 | 0.09 | |
| p-value € | 0.01 | 0.72 | ||
| HbA1C (percentage) | ||||
| Before | 9.21 ± 2.36 | 8.04 ± 2.70 | 0.13 | |
| After | 7.79 ± 1.95 | 7.99 ± 2.34 | 0.73 | |
| Change | — 1.42 ± 2 | -0.05 ± 2.76 | <0.001 | |
| p-value € | <0.001 | 0.89 | ||
| Insulin (IU/dl) | ||||
| Before | 9.24 ± 10.33 | 7.83 ± 5.82 | <0.001 | |
| After | 12.17 ± 11.44 | 7.98 ± 8.32 | <0.001 | |
| Change | 2.93 ± 5.70 | 0.15 ± 3.05 | <0.001 | |
| p-value € | <0.001 | 0.87 | ||
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Before | 3.80 ± 4.79 | 3.66 ± 4.71 | 0.06 | |
| After | 4.57 ± 5.18 | 3.21 ± 3.76 | <0.001 | |
| Change | 0.77 ± 3.29 | — 0.45 ± 1.51 | 0.04 | |
| p-value € | 0.16 | 0.08 | ||
αReceived 30 ml of apple cider vinegar and a recommendation for a healthy diet; βReceived only a recommendation for a healthy diet; £Analysis of covariance after eliminating body mass index measures before the intervention period; €Paired t-test.
ACV, apple cider vinegar; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; SD, standard deviation.