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. 2014 Sep 4;2014(9):CD006424. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006424.pub3

Comparison 1. Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1 Mean HbA1c at 3 to 4 months 14 1442 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.39 [‐0.64, ‐0.13]
1.1 Final values 11 1108 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.20 [‐0.45, 0.05]
1.2 Change scores 3 334 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.74 [‐1.19, ‐0.30]
2 Mean HbA1c up to 6 months 14 1972 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.53 [‐0.72, ‐0.35]
2.1 Final values 7 1186 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.51 [‐0.77, ‐0.25]
2.2 Change scores 7 786 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.56 [‐0.85, ‐0.28]
3 Mean HbA1c up to 1 year 9 1966 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.19 [‐0.34, ‐0.04]
3.1 Change scores 2 555 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.10 [‐0.37, 0.18]
3.2 Final values 7 1411 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.23 [‐0.43, ‐0.03]
4 Mean HbA1c at 24 months 4 2268 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.33 [‐0.61, ‐0.06]
4.1 Final values 2 253 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.71 [‐1.07, ‐0.35]
4.2 Change scores 2 2015 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.16 [‐0.31, ‐0.02]
5 Mean HbA1c at all points 28 5724 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.30 [‐0.38, ‐0.22]
5.1 Final values 17 2368 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.33 [‐0.46, ‐0.21]
5.2 Change scores 11 3356 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.28 [‐0.38, ‐0.17]
6 Mean quality of life measures at 3 to 4 months 2 104 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.36 [‐0.03, 0.75]
6.1 Final values 0 0 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.2 Change scores 2 104 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.36 [‐0.03, 0.75]
7 Mean quality of life scores at 6 months 3 224 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.19 [‐0.08, 0.45]
7.1 Mean values 1 120 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.07 [‐0.29, 0.43]
7.2 Change scores 2 104 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.33 [‐0.06, 0.72]
8 Mean quality of life scores at 1 year 1   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
9 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months 9 994 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.50 [0.33, 0.68]
9.1 Mean values 7 890 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.51 [0.33, 0.69]
9.2 Change scores 2 104 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.35 [‐0.47, 1.18]
10 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 3 months 10 936 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.35 [0.10, 0.59]
10.1 Mean values 8 832 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.33 [0.07, 0.60]
10.2 Change scores 2 104 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.32 [‐0.59, 1.24]
11 Mean quality of life at all endpoints 3 224 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.19 [‐0.08, 0.45]
11.1 Final values 1 120 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.07 [‐0.29, 0.43]
11.2 Change scores 2 104 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.33 [‐0.06, 0.72]
12 Final mean knowledge at 1 year 2 328 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.35 [0.13, 0.57]
13 Final mean knowledge at all points 14 1496 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.89 [0.39, 1.39]
13.1 Mean values 12 1392 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.97 [0.33, 1.60]
13.2 Change scores 2 104 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.94 [‐1.14, 3.02]
14 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment (on diet and health beliefs on barriers) at 3 to 4 months 7 720 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.06 [‐0.14, 0.26]
14.1 Mean values 6 641 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.01 [‐0.18, 0.19]
14.2 Change scores 1 79 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.45 [0.01, 0.90]
15 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment (on diet, can choose correct food) at 6 months 4 903 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.49 [0.18, 0.80]
15.1 Final values 2 472 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.60 [‐0.07, 1.27]
15.2 Change scores 2 431 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.33 [0.14, 0.52]
16 Final mean on self‐efficacy and empowerment (health belief on barriers) at 1 year 0 0 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17 Self‐reported global health/satisfaction at 6 months 1   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
17.1 Change values 1   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18 Self‐efficacy at all endpoints 10 1546 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.18 [‐0.07, 0.43]
18.1 Mean values 8 1115 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.11 [‐0.21, 0.44]
18.2 Change scores 2 431 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.32 [0.13, 0.51]
19 Mean total cholesterol at 3 to 4 months 7 967 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.16 [‐11.09, 0.77]
19.1 Final values 5 863 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.99 [‐8.81, 2.82]
19.2 Change scores 2 104 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐14.15 [‐36.29, 7.98]
20 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL) 7 802 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.67 [‐14.69, 5.34]
20.1 Final values 4 594 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.62 [‐5.43, 8.67]
20.2 Change scores 3 208 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐11.54 [‐33.25, 10.17]
21 Mean total cholesterol at up to 1 year 5 1019 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.84 [‐13.19, 1.51]
21.1 Final values 4 694 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.89 [‐8.41, 4.64]
21.2 Change value 1 325 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐15.08 [‐24.82, ‐5.34]
22 Mean total cholesterol at all endpoints 11 1705 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐6.14 [‐11.45, ‐0.82]
22.1 Final values 7 1172 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.18 [‐8.29, 1.94]
22.2 Change scores 4 533 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐10.79 [‐23.58, 2.00]
23 Mean LDL at 3 to 4 months 4 440 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.35 [‐6.65, 5.94]
23.1 Final values 3 415 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.73 [‐7.67, 6.21]
23.2 Change scores 1 25 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.4 [‐13.55, 16.35]
24 Mean LDL at up to 6 months 5 287 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.28 [‐11.13, 2.57]
24.1 Final values 1 52 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 7.80 [‐11.20, 26.80]
24.2 Change scores 4 235 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐6.09 [‐13.43, 1.25]
25 Mean LDL at up to 12 months 3 687 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.13 [‐5.72, 5.45]
26 Mean HDL at 3 to 4 months 5 536 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.18 [‐1.49, 1.86]
26.1 Final values 3 432 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.32 [‐3.15, 2.50]
26.2 Change scores 2 104 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.43 [‐2.69, 3.54]
27 Mean HDL at up to 6 months 5 379 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.54 [‐3.82, 2.75]
27.1 Final scores 2 171 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.36 [‐9.27, 8.55]
27.2 Change scores 3 208 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.75 [‐4.52, 3.02]
28 Mean HDL at up to 1 year 3 471 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.32 [‐1.67, 2.31]
29 Mean triglycerides at 3 to 4 months 5 662 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐23.98 [‐39.73, ‐8.23]
29.1 Final values 4 637 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐22.50 [‐41.90, ‐3.11]
29.2 Change scores 1 25 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐31.70 [‐71.90, 8.50]
30 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months 4 413 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐6.38 [‐42.54, 29.79]
30.1 Final values 2 284 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐31.26 [‐63.12, 0.59]
30.2 Change scores 2 129 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 16.47 [‐39.98, 72.91]
31 Mean triglycerides at up to 1 year 3 584 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.55 [‐25.53, 14.42]
32 Mean BMI at up to 3 months 5 397 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.01 [‐0.46, 0.44]
32.1 Final values 3 293 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.88 [‐2.27, 0.51]
32.2 Change scores 2 104 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.09 [‐0.39, 0.57]
33 Mean BMI at up to 6 months 8 754 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.31 [‐0.71, 0.09]
33.1 Final values 3 429 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.34 [‐2.54, ‐0.14]
33.2 Change scores 5 325 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.23 [‐0.56, 0.10]
34 Mean BMI at up to 12 months 2 358 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.38 [‐1.70, 0.95]
35 Mean BMI at all endpoints 9 763 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.31 [‐0.65, 0.03]
35.1 Final values 4 438 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.25 [‐2.39, ‐0.11]
35.2 Change scores 5 325 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.23 [‐0.56, 0.10]
36 Mean systolic blood pressure at 3 to 4 months 8 832 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.46 [‐2.95, 2.03]
36.1 Final values 6 728 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.92 [‐3.74, 1.89]
36.2 Change scores 2 104 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.64 [‐4.12, 7.41]
37 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 6 months 7 555 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.74 [‐0.06, 3.54]
37.1 Final values 2 228 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.88 [‐0.46, 4.21]
37.2 Change scores 5 327 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.54 [‐1.30, 4.37]
38 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year 5 1209 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.43 [‐0.96, 3.81]
38.1 Final values 4 884 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.66 [‐1.65, 2.97]
38.2 Change scores 1 325 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 4.58 [0.36, 8.80]
39 Mean systolic blood pressure at all endpoints 14 1896 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.68 [0.35, 3.02]
39.1 Final values 8 1244 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.28 [‐0.46, 3.02]
39.2 Change scores 6 652 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 2.36 [0.06, 4.66]
40 Mean diastolic blood pressure at 3 to 4 months 8 830 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.19 [‐2.58, 0.20]
40.1 Final values 6 726 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.11 [‐2.67, 0.45]
40.2 Change scores 2 104 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.54 [‐5.10, 2.01]
41 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 6 months 7 555 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.95 [0.62, 3.28]
41.1 Final values 2 228 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.73 [‐1.93, 5.38]
41.2 Change scores 5 327 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.14 [‐0.92, 3.20]
42 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg) 4 886 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.06 [‐2.82, 2.93]
42.1 Final values 3 525 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.97 [‐3.91, 1.96]
42.2 Change scores 1 361 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 2.86 [0.74, 4.98]
43 Mean diastolic blood pressure at all endpoints 13 1578 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.38 [‐0.92, 1.68]
43.1 Final values 7 890 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.38 [‐2.12, 1.36]
43.2 Change scores 6 688 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.63 [0.16, 3.11]
44 Emergency visits (in past 6 months) at 6 months 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
44.1 Change values 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
45 Emergency visits in past 6 months (numbers) 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
46 Acute hospital admissions at 24 months 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only