| Intervention(s) and comparator(s) | Duration of intervention (duration of follow‐up) | Participating population | Study period [year to year] | Country | Setting | |
|
Agurs Collins 1997 |
I: individual and group sessions | 6 mo (3, 6 mo) | African Americans | 1997 | USA | Clinics |
| C: 1 class and info leaflet | ||||||
|
Anderson 2005 |
I: group sessions | 6 wk (6 wk as RCT; non‐RCT at 12/52, 6/12 and 1 year) | African Americans | 2005 | USA | Convenient community‐based locations |
| C: usual care plus feedback on baseline bloods | ||||||
|
Babamoto 2009 |
I1: individual sessions plus telephone calls | 6 mo (6 mo) | Hispanic, age > 18 years | July 2002 ‐ | USA | Home, clinic and community locations |
| I2: case management | ||||||
| C: usual care | Outpatients when required (routine clinics) | |||||
|
Baradaran 2006 |
I: group sessions | 3 mo (6 mo) | South Asian, age > 30 years | 2006 | United Kingdom | Primary care or day care centres |
| C1: usual care—South Asian | ||||||
| C2: usual care—White Caucasian (not randomised) | Not included in analysis | |||||
| Bellary 2008 | I: treatment protocols and extra clinics plus link workers | 24 mo (24 mo) | South Asians | 2008 | UK | Inner city GP practices |
| C: treatment protocols only | ||||||
|
Brown 2002 |
I: group sessions | 12 mo (6, 12 mo) | Mexican Americans | 2002 | USA | Community sites |
| C: usual care—wait‐listed control group | ||||||
| Carter 2011 | I: Internet and videoconferencing with nurse | 9 mo (9 mo) | African Americans | ‐ | USA | Participant's home |
| C: usual care | ||||||
| Crowley 2013 | I: individual sessions via telephone | 12 mo (12 mo) | African Americans | ‐ | USA | Telephone encounters and primary care clinic |
| C: usual care + leaflet | ||||||
| D'Eramo Melkus 2010 | I: group sessions | 11 wk (3, 12, 24 mo) | "Black women" aged 21‐65 with type 2 diabetes | ‐ | USA | Primary care centre, school or nursing |
| C: conventional (not culturally appropriate) group sessions | 10 wk | |||||
| DePue 2013 | I: nurse‐led self‐management education and medication management facilitation components | 12 mo (12 mo) | Samoan | ‐ | American Samoa (USA) | Remote communication (i.e. participants' homes) |
| C: usual care | ||||||
| Gary 2009 | I: individual visits to CHW and nurse following culturally appropriate clinical algorithms | 24 mo (36 mo) | African Americans with type 2 diabetes living in Baltimore City | Recruitment: Nov. 2001‐May 2003. Intervention time not stated | USA | Participants' homes, community settings and clinics |
| C: telephone calls and info leaflets | ||||||
|
Gucciardi 2007 |
I1: individual and group sessions | 3 days (3 mo) | Portuguese Canadians | Recruitment:Nov 2001‐Nov 2003. Intervention delivery not stated | Canada | Toronto Western Hospital Diabetes Education Centre for both groups |
| I2: individual sessions | Up to 3 mo (3 mo) | |||||
|
Hawthorne 1997 |
I: individual session with CHW—'flashcards' | 1 session (6 mo) | Pakistanis with type 2 DM | Recruitment: Aug. 1992‐Nov.1993 Intervention delivery time not stated |
UK | Secondary care setting or GP practices |
| C: usual care in clinics | ||||||
| Kattelmann 2009 | I: group sessions | 6 mo (6 mo) | Northern Plains Indians from the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation (Native Americans) with type 2 diabetes | January 2005‐December 2005 | USA | Field site on Indian reservation |
| C: standard dietary education and health care | ||||||
|
Keyserling 2002 |
I1: individual and group sessions | 12 mo (6, 12 mo) | African American women | ‐ | USA | Primary care and community centres |
| I2: individual counselling (not included in meta‐analysis) | 4 mo (6, 12 mo) | |||||
| C: usual care | 12 mo | |||||
| Khan 2011 | I: individual computer‐based | 3 mo (3 mo) | Underserved people with type 2 diabetes | Feb 2007‐June 2008 | USA | Waiting room |
| C: Brochure on self‐management | ||||||
| Kim 2009 | I: group sessions and telephone calls | 30 wk (18 and 30 wk) | Korean Americans | ‐ | USA | Community site—Korean Resource Centre |
| C: usual care (wait‐listed) | ||||||
| Lorig 2008 | I: group sessions | 6 wk (6 mo) | Hispanic | ‐ | USA | Community settings in San Francisco Bay Area |
| C: usual care (wait‐listed) | ||||||
| Lujan 2007 | I: group sessions, telephone calls & inspirational postcards | 6 mo (6 mo) | Mexican Americans | 2007 | USA | Catholic faith‐based community clinic |
| C: usual care—individual sessions & info leaflets | ||||||
|
Middelkoop 2001 |
I: group sessions | 6 mo (6 mo) | Surinam South Asians | 2001 | The Netherlands | Primary care centres and outpatient clinics |
| C: usual care (wait‐listed) | ||||||
| O'Hare 2004 | I: treatment protocols plus extra diabetes clinics and link workers | 12 mo (12 mo) | South Asians | 2004 | UK | Primary care centres |
| C: treatment protocols only | ||||||
| Osborn 2010 | I: individual education session | 90 min (3 mo) | Puerto Ricans | 2010 | USA | Primary care clinic in an urban hospital |
| C: usual care ‐ access to monthly support group facilitated by Puerto‐Rican worker | ||||||
| Philis‐Tsimikas 2011 | I: group education sessions and support group | 10 mo (10 mo) | Mexican Americans | 2011 | USA | Conference room of health clinic |
| C: usual care | ||||||
|
Rosal 2005 |
I: individual and group sessions | 10 wk (3, 6 mo) | Puerto Ricans | 2005 | USA | Community sites familiar to participants |
| C: usual care plus feedback of test results | ||||||
| Rosal 2011 | I: individual and group sessions | 12 mo (4, 12 mo) | Latinos | 2011 | USA | Individual sessions in participants' homes. Group sessions in community locations |
| C: usual care + laboratory results | ||||||
| Rothschild 2013 | I: home visits | 2 years (2 years) | Mexican Americans | 2013 | USA | Participants' homes |
| C: mailed info leaflets | ||||||
| Samuel‐Hodge 2009 | I: individual and group session, telephone calls | 8 mo (8, 12 mo) | African Americans | 2009 | USA | All sessions took place in participants' local church |
| C: minimal intervention: leaflets and newsletters | ||||||
| Sixta 2008 | I: group sessions | 10 wk (3, 6 mo) | Mexican Americans | 2008 | USA | Community health centre |
| C: usual care (wait‐listed) | ||||||
| Skelly 2005 | I: home visits | 12 wk (12 wk) | African Americans | 2005 | USA | Participants' homes |
| C: usual care plus telephone call (wait‐listed) | ||||||
| Skelly 2009 | I: home visits—symptom focused; I2: home visits + booster |
2 mo (3, 6, 9 mo) | African Americans | 2009 | USA | Participants' homes |
| C: nurse home visits—non‐symptom focused | ||||||
| Spencer 2011 | I: CHW: group meetings, home visit and accompanied clinic visit | 6 mo (6 mo) | African American and Hispanic | Recruitment Sept 2004‐July 2006; rest of study period not stated | USA | 'Community locations,' participants' homes and clinic visit |
| C: usual care (wait‐listed) | ||||||
| Toobert 2011 | I: group meetings | 24 mo (6, 12, 24 mo) | Latino | 2011 | USA | Group sessions held in health centres. Unclear where retreat held |
| C: usual care | ||||||
| Vincent 2007 | I: group sessions | 8 wk (3 mo) | Mexican Americans | 2007 | USA | Conference room of health clinic |
| C: usual care and education given at the clinic | ||||||
| "‐" denotes not reported C: comparator: I: intervention; min: minutes; mo: months; N/A: not applicable; RCT: randomised controlled trial; SD: standard deviation; wk: weeks | ||||||
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