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. 2014 Sep 4;2014(9):CD006424. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006424.pub3
  Intervention(s) and comparator(s) Sex
 [female %] Age
 [mean/range
years (SD),
 or as reported] 		HbA1c
 [%] BMI
 [mean kg/m² (SD)] Comorbidities Comedications
Agurs Collins 1997
 
  		I: individual and group sessions 66 62.4 (5.9) 11 (1.7) 33.9 (5.1) Obese individuals 50 participants in both groups were on insulin
I = 47, C = 50 on OAD
I = 3 diet controlled
C: 1 class and info leaflet 88 61 (5.7) 10 (1.9) 34.9 (6.8)
Anderson 2005
 
  		I: group sessions ‐ ‐ 8.7 (2.1) ‐ ‐ 34% in both groups used insulin
C: usual care plus feedback on baseline bloods ‐ ‐ 8.4 (2.2) ‐
all: 82 61 (11.4) 8.6 (2.2) ‐
Babamoto 2009
 
 
  		I1: CHW 64 51 (12.5) 8.6 (‐) 32.5 ‐ ‐
I2: case management 52 50 (12.1) 8.5 (‐) 32.2
C: usual care 78 50 (11.0) 9.5 (‐) 31.2
Baradaran 2006
 
 
  		I: group sessions—ethnic intervention 52.5 57.8 (12.7) ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
C1: usual care—ethnic control 44 59.2 (11.3) ‐ ‐
C2: usual care—white control 52 58 (13.8) ‐ ‐
all: 49 58.4 (12.3) ‐ ‐
Bellary 2008 I: treatment protocols and extra clinics 46 < 45 ‐ 15%
45‐64 ‐ 54%
> 64 ‐ 31%		 8.2 (1·9) 28.5 (4·8) Evidence of existing coronary heart disease or previous CVE: I: 150 (17%), C: 118 (19%)
Microalbuminuria: 268 (19%) of participants, I: 161 (20%), C: 107 (28%)
Proteinuria: 114 (8%) of participants, I: 61 (8%), C: 53 (9%)		 Taking antihypertensive drugs: 55%
20% of participants were on insulin
C: treatment protocols only 51 < 45 ‐ 14%
45‐64 ‐ 59%
> 64 ‐ 28%		 8.2 (1·8) 28.6 (4·9)
all: 48 < 45 ‐ 14%
45‐64 ‐ 56%
> 64 ‐ 30%		 8.2 (1·9) 28.5 (4·9)
Brown 2002
 
  		I: group sessions 60 54.7 (8.2) 11.8 (3) 32.3 (6) ‐ 17 diet alone
169 on OAD
51 on insulin
5 on OAD and insulin
C: usual care—wait‐listed control group 68 53.3 (8.3) 11.8 (2.8) 32.1 (6.4)
Carter 2011
 
  		I: Internet and videoconferencing with nurse 69 52 (‐) 8.9 35.8 ‐ ‐
C: usual care 57 49 (‐) 8.9 35.8
Crowley 2013 I: individual sessions via telephone 69 56 (12) 8.0 (1.3) ‐ ‐ No. of diabetic agents: C 1.7 (SD 0.9), I 1.6 (SD 0.9)
Using insulin: C 52%, I 51%
No. of anti‐HTN agents: C 2.9 (SD 1.6),
I 2.6 (SD 1.5)
No. of cholesterol‐reducing agents: C 0.9 (SD 0.6), I 0.8 (SD 0.6)
C: usual care + leaflet 75 57 (12) 8.0 (1.3) ‐
D'Eramo Melkus 2010
 
  		I: group sessions 100 47 (9) 8.0 (2.1) ‐ ‐ ‐
C: conventional (not culturally appropriate) group sessions 100 45 (10) 8.3 (2.2) ‐
DePue 2013 I: nurse‐led self‐management education and medication
 management facilitation components 57 56 (12.5) 9.6 (2.1) 35.6 (6.5) No serious co‐morbidities ‐
C: usual care ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Gary 2009
 
  		I: individual visits to CHW and nurse following culturally
 appropriate clinical algorithms 73 59 (11) 7.7 (2.1) 34 (8) ‐ ‐
C: telephone calls and info leaflets 74 56 (11) 8.0 (2.2) 35 (8)
Gucciardi 2007
 
 
  		I1: group sessions 68 60.4 (7.92) 7.0 (0.02) 35 (5.6) ‐ Diet only: individual + group = 11 (30.6); individual only = 4 (16)
OAD: individual + group = 24 (66.7), individual only = 19 (76)
Insulin + OAD: individual + group = 1 (2.8), individual = 2 (8.0)
I2: individual sessions 69.4 59 (12.1) 7.0 (0.07) 35 (6.6)
Hawthorne 1997
 
  		I: individual session with CHW—'flashcards' 54 52 (50‐54) (95%CI) 8.4 (8.0‐8.9)
 (95%CI) ‐ 53% had more than one diabetic complication 68% on OAD
C: usual care in clinics 53 54 (51‐58) (95%CI) 8.6 (8.1‐9.0)
 (95%CI) ‐
Kattelmann 2009
 
  		I: group sessions 76 ‐ 8.9 (0.4) 35 (8) 72% of participants were obese (BMI > 30), 23% were overweight (BMI > 25) ‐
C: standard dietary education and health care 76 ‐ 8.6 (0.3) 34.3 (1.1)
Keyserling 2002
 
 
  		I1: individual and group sessions ‐ 58.5 (‐) 10.7 (2.3) 36.2 23.5% cardiovascular disease
75.5% hypertension
25% had BMI > 40		 10% diet only
57% OAD
42% on insulin
10% OAD and insulin
I2: individual (not included in meta‐analysis) ‐ 59.8 (‐) 11.0 (3.1) 34.6
C1: usual care ‐ 59.2 (‐) 11.3 (2.3) 36.5
Khan 2011 I: individual computer‐based (all) 43 52.4 (11.4) ‐ 32.4 (6.6) ‐ ‐
‐ African American ‐ ‐ 9.5 (2.6) ‐
‐ Hispanic ‐ ‐ 8.9 (2.4) ‐
‐ Asian        
C: brochure with self‐management (all) 42 50.5 (12.0) ‐ 32.8 (9.1)
‐ African American ‐ ‐ 10.4 (2.8) ‐
‐ Hispanic ‐ ‐ 8.3 (2.2) ‐
‐ Asian        
Kim 2009
 
  		I: group sessions and tel. calls 37.5 56.2 (8.4) 9.4 (1.5) 25.9 ‐ ‐
C: usual care (wait‐listed) 51.3 56.6 (7.6) 9.1 (1.3) 25.7
Lorig 2008
 
  		I: group sessions 57 52.9 (13.2) 7.4 (2.00) ‐ ‐ ‐
C: usual care (wait‐listed) 67 52.8 (13.4) 7.4 (1.87) ‐
Lujan 2007 I1: group sessions, telephone calls and inspirational postcards ‐ ‐ 8.2 (2.2) ‐ ‐ ‐
C1: usual care—individual sessions and info leaflets ‐ ‐ 7.7 (1.5) ‐
Middelkoop 2001
 
  		I: group sessions 51 51.7 8.4 ‐ ‐ ‐
C: usual care (wait‐listed) 48 54.8 8.2 ‐
O'Hare 2004
 
  		I: treatment protocols plus extra diabetes clinics and link workers 47 < 45 ‐ 9%
45‐64 ‐ 58%
> 64 ‐ 32%		 7.8 (1.9) ‐ 50%‐60% had raised blood pressure 10% diet only
72% on OAD
19% on insulin
C: treatment protocols only 51 < 45 ‐ 14%
45‐64 ‐ 50%
> 64 ‐ 36%		 8.1 (2.1) ‐
all:   < 45 ‐ 12%
45‐64 ‐ 54%
> 64 ‐ 34%		 8.0 (2.0) ‐
Osborn 2010 I: individual education session 79 56.9 (11.3) 7.8 (1.4) 35.4 (6.9) ‐ ‐
C: usual care—access to monthly support group facilitated
 by Puerto Rican worker 70 58.4 (10.1) 7.3 (1.6) 36.7 (8.7)
Philis‐Tsimikas 2011 I: group education sessions and support 66.3 52.2 (9.6) 10.5 (1.7) 30.9 (6.3) ‐ ‐
C: usual care 74.8 49.2 (11.8) 10.3 (1.7) 32.1 (5.9)
Rosal 2005
 
  		I: individual and group sessions 80 62.7 (8.1) 7.7 (1.2) 32.4 (4.5) All participants reported at least 1 diabetes‐related complication 44% on OAD
C: usual care plus feedback of test results 80 62.4 (9.7) 9.3 (1.8) 32.7 (7.4)
all: 80 62.6 (8.6) ‐ ‐
Rosal 2011
 
  		I: individual and group sessions 78.2 18‐44: 15.3
45‐54: 32.3
55‐64: 29
> 64: 23.4		 8.9 (1.8) 35.0 (7.4) 94% of all participants were overweight or obese (74.9% obese)
67.7% of participants had hypertension		 23 participants on insulin alone (9.1%)
100 on insulin plus oral medication (39.7%)
112 (44.4%) on oral medications alone
C: usual care 75 18‐44: 17.2
45‐54: 27.3
55‐64: 36.7
> 64: 18.8		 9.1 (2.0) 34.5 (6.5)
all: 76.6 18‐44: 16.3
45‐54: 29.8
55‐64: 32.9
> 64: 21.0		 9 (1.9) 34.8 (6.9)
Rothschild 2012 I: home visits 64.4 53.7 (11.7) 8.5 (2.2) 32.7 (7.4) No significant comorbidities I participants were less likely than C patients to have been taking an ACEi or ARB at baseline (OR = 0.6, CI 0.3 to 1.1)
C: mailed info leaflets 70.4 53.6 (12.7) 8.1 (1.6) 34.2 (9.5)
all: 67.4 53.7 (12.2) 8.3 (2.0) 33.4 (8.5)
Samuel‐Hodge 2009 I: individual, group and telephone calls 64 57.0 (9.7) 7.8 (2.0) 34.6 (7.6) ‐ ‐
C: minimal intervention: leaflets and newsletters 63 61.3 (11.9) 7.8 (2.5) 35.1 (7.3)
Sixta 2008 I: group sessions 71 54.5 7.3 ‐ ‐ ‐
C: usual care (wait‐listed) 71 52.8 7.7 ‐
all: 71 56.3 7.5 ‐
Skelly 2005
 
  		I: home visits 100 60.5 (9.0) 9.2 (2.5)   Overall intervention group had more % of complications:
I: 31.8% peripheral vascular vs C: 17.7%
Retinopathy I: 45.5% vs C: 35.3% (Table 2)
Reported symptoms by group: 73.9% neurological symptoms in I vs 38.9% in C		 26.1% insulin in I vs 16.7% in C
Both 26% I vs 5.6% control
C:usual care plus telephone call (wait‐listed) 100 63.7 (10.8) 9.0 (2.8)  
Skelly 2009 I: home visits—symptom focused 100 68.5 (med) 8.4 (1.6) ‐ ‐ ‐
I2: home visits with booster 100 65 (med) 8.3 (1.6) ‐
C: weight management + diet 100 68 (med) 8.1 (1.6) ‐
all: 100 67 (med) 8.3 (1.6) ‐
Spencer 2011 I: CHW: group meetings, home visit and accompanied clinic visit
 African American 75 50 (47‐52) (95% CI) 8.7 (7.9‐9.5) (95% CI) 33.5 (30.8‐36.2) (95% CI) No serious diabetes complications I: 8 (11%) on no medications, 43 (61%) on oral medications only, 19 (27%) on insulin
 C: 7 (8%) on no medications, 57 (63%) on oral medications only, 26 (29%) on insulin
Hispanic     8.2 (7.5‐9.0) (95% CI) 31.4 (28.9‐33.9) (95% CI)
C: usual care (wait‐listed) African American 67 55 (53‐57) (95% CI) 8.6 (7.9 ‐ 9.3)(95%CI) 36.1 (33.7‐38.5) (95% CI)
Hispanic     8.2 (7.5 ‐ 8.8)(95%CI) 31.6 (29.4 ‐ 33.9)(95%CI)
Toobert 2011 I: group meetings 100 55.6 (9.7) 8.4 (1.9) 35.3 (7.0) ‐ C: 67.8% on none or oral medication only, 13.1% on insulin only, 19% on insulin and oral medication
I: 70.9% on none or oral medication only, 5.7% on insulin only, 23.4% on insulin and oral medication
C: usual care 100 58.7 (10.3) 8.2 (1.7) 33.2 (6.7)
all: 100 57.1 (10.09) ‐ 34.3
Vincent 2007 I: group sessions 89 56.7 (10.6) 6.6 (0.9) 30.6 (2.7) ‐ ‐
C: usual care 50 55.3 (8.2) 6.7 (1.2) 29.8 (4.2)
all: 71 56 (9.3)    
"‐" denotes not reported.
95% CI: 95% confidence interval; ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; C: comparator; CHW: community health worker; I: intervention (as described in Annexe: description of interventions); med: median; OAD: oral antidiabetic agents; SD: standard deviation.