Disease‐specific mortality	Diabetic complications	Health‐related quality of life	Participant satisfaction	Participant empowerment and self‐efficacy	Attitude	Knowledge of the disease
Agurs Collins 1997	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Nutrition knowledge was assessed with questionnaire adapted by Fanelli for lower reading skills Unable to tell whether higher is positive
Anderson 2005	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Diabetes Empowerment Scale Short Form (DES‐SF). Does not say if validity and reliability for study group No mention if positive or negative	Seriousness of diabetes from Diabetes Attitudes Scale‐3	Diabetes Care Profile questionnaire. Unable to tell whether higher is positive
Babamoto 2009	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire—a measure of diabetes knowledge that is available in both English and Spanish
Baradaran 2006	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Specially designed questionnaire for study population tested in a different study Does not say whether tested for validity/reliability Higher=positive	Specially designed questionnaire for study population tested in a different study Does not say whether tested for validity/reliability Higher=positive
Bellary 2008	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I
Brown 2002	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Health belief questionnaire was shortened form of existing one, internal consistency checked. Pilot tested. Does not say whether positive or negative	N/I	Shortened version of 60‐item DKQ Reliable and validated Higher=positive
Carter 2011	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Mentions using a "diabetes knowledge scale" in results table but not defined otherwise
Crowley 2013	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I
D'Eramo Melkus 2010	N/I	N/I	Measured using the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) SF‐36. A 36‐item measure. Reliability and validity previously established	N/I	Measured using the Diabetes Self‐Efficacy Outcomes Expectancies Questionnaire, a 20‐item measure. Reliability and validity previously established?	N/I	Measured using the Diabetes Knowledge Test, a 25‐item self‐administered test. Internal reliability previously established.
DePue 2013	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I
Gary 2009	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I
Gucciardi 2007	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Attitudes measured as part of "Theory of planned behaviour scale" (no usable data used in meta‐analysis though)	N/I
Hawthorne 1998	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Internally validated, specially prepared, culturally appropriate questionnaire. Tailored to the health education objectives Score as percentage correct: higher=positive	"And a similar patient knowledge pattern was obtained." Does not say whether the questionnaire used to test knowledge and self‐efficacy was also used for attitudes	Internally validated, specially prepared, culturally appropriate questionnaire, tailored to the health education objectives Higher=positive
Kattelmann 2009	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I
Keyserling 2002	N/I	N/I	Measured using Diabetes Health Status. Applicable to study group. Has consistency and validity Does not say whether positive or negative	N/I	N/I	N/I	15‐item adaptation of Diabetes Knowledge Scale Does not say whether validated Increased score=positive
Khan 2011	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Assessed via a previously validated 12‐item instrument Does not say name of scale or whether higher value is positive Unable to access paper for referencing of scale	N/I	Spoken knowledge in Diabetes Scale (SKILL‐D) Higher score=better
Kim 2009	N/I	N/I	Translated and modified Diabetes QOL measure (DQOL) Original version demonstrated validity and reliability Unclear whether tested on study population Lower value=positive	N/I	Self‐efficacy for diabetes scale adapted from Stanford Chronic Disease Efficacy Scale ="Modified Standford Chronic Disease Efficacy Scale" Original scale has construct validity and reliability Higher value=positive	N/I	Diabetes Knowledge test General version validated Does not say whether positive/negative values But higher=positive
Lorig 2008	N/I	N/I	N/I	A single item from the National Survey of self‐rated health Lower value=desirable	Spanish diabetes self‐efficacy scale. Tested to be reliable and to have validity for study group Higher value=positive	N/I	N/I
Lujan 2007	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Patient 'health beliefs' measures using the bilingual DHBM, a 25‐item measure developed to measure overall diabetes health beliefs among Mexican Americans. Used in a previous pilot study at the clinic and found to have adequate psychometric properties	N/I	Measured using a 24‐item bilingual diabetes knowledge questionnaire designed for Mexican Americans Used by Brown et al Higher=positive
Middelkoop 2001	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I
O'Hare 2004	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I
Osborn 2010	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I
Philis‐Tsimikas 2011	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I
Rosal 2005	N/I	N/I	Adapted version of Audit of Diabetes Dependent QoL. Assessed for internal validity and reliability Higher value=positive	N/I	N/I	N/I	Adapted (for target population) version of Audit of Diabetes Knowledge (ADKNOW 1) Preliminary psychometric data provided evidence of adequate internal consistency and test/retest reliability Higher value=positive
Rosal 2011	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Self‐efficacy for dietary and physical activity change measured using a 17‐item tool developed by the research team, which showed adequate psychometric properties on testing	N/I	Measured from subset of items from audit of diabetes knowledge Previously tested and adapted for target population Did not use data, as no sample size or standard deviation
Rothschild 2012	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Measured using Diabetes Empowerment Scale, a previously validated 28‐item questionnaire to assess diabetes‐specific self‐efficacy	N/I	N/I
Samuel‐Hodge 2009	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Measured using 16‐item adaptation of the Diabetes Knowledge Scale Higher=positive
Sixta 2008	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Measured using a shortened version of the original 60‐item DKQ (Brown et al) Content validity and reliability of this new measure were established Higher value=positive
Skelly 2005	N/I	N/I	QoL diabetes instrument	N/I	N/I	N/I	New‐leaf diabetes knowledge instrument
Skelly 2009	N/I	N/I	Measured using 2 specific diabetes measure: i) Diabetes‐related QoL measured using the Quality of Life in Diabetes Scale. This had been developed for use with older, rural African Americans, previously validated ii) Other aspects of QoL measured using the Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey (PAID) —reliability and validity established.	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I
Spencer 2011	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	Diabetes self‐efficacy assessed with the Perceived Competence for Diabetes Scale. Previously validated	N/I	Knowledge measured by asking participants, "How well do you understand how to manage your diabetes?" (question previously validated) and by checking their responses to 2 items: i) "I agree that what one eats effects blood sugar" and ii) "Exercise helps to control blood sugar" Response to the previously validated question
Toobert 2011	N/I	N/I	Measured using the CDC Healthy Days measure. Does not say whether previously validated	N/I	Confidence in overcoming challenges to self‐care instrument Does not say whether tested on ethnic study group Higher values=more obstacles top self‐carte and more confidence on all scales Higher=positive	N/I	N/I
Vincent 2007	N/I	N/I	N/I	N/I	8‐item version of self‐efficacy for diabetes scale Reliability=0.85 Increased score=increased self‐efficacy. Higher=positive	N/I	Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire—Spanish version Reliability=0.88 Higher scores=increased diabetes knowledge Higher=positive
N/I: not investigated; DKQ: Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire; QoL: quality of life.