Table 2.
Risk ratios (RRs) [95% credible intervals], cannabis abuse and/or dependence hospitalizations, Bayesian spatial misalignment models (n = 6,832 ZIP codes)
| Variable | RR [95% credible interval] |
|---|---|
| Year 2014 | 1.003 [0.975, 1.031] |
| Year 2015 | 0.975 [0.945, 1.006] |
| Year 2016 | 0.963 [0.932, 0.996]b |
| Cannabis dispensaries, per mi2 | 1.021 [1.001, 1.041]b |
| Cannabis dispensaries, per mi2, spatial lag | 0.946 [0.917, 0.976]b |
| Cannabis dispensaries, per mi2, temporal lag | 1.006 [0.986, 1.026] |
| Manual labor, number of establishments per mi2 (x10) | 1.001 [1.001, 1.001]b |
| Retail sales, number of establishments per mi2 (x10) | 0.999 [0.998, 0.999]b |
| On-premise alcohol outlet density, per mi2 | 1.008 [1.006, 1.009]b |
| Off-premise alcohol outlet density, per mi2 | 0.989 [0.985, 0.994]b |
| Demographic and environmental covariates | |
| Overall hospitalization rate, per 100 people | 2.258 [2.121, 2.401]b |
| Age, % | |
| 0–19 | 0.995 [0.989, 1.000] |
| 20–24 | 1.092 [1.067, 1.117]b |
| 25–44 | 0.985 [0.981, 0.988]b |
| 45–64 | 1.040 [1.034, 1.046]b |
| Race/ethnicity, % | |
| Asian | 0.986 [0.985, 0.988]b |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.013 [1.011, 1.015]b |
| Hispanic | 0.993 [0.992, 0.995]b |
| Male, % | 0.986 [0.981, 0.992]b |
| Population density, per mi2 a | |
| Quartile 2 | 1.065 [1.014, 1.118]b |
| Quartile 3 | 1.176 [1.107, 1.249]b |
| Quartile 4 | 1.149 [1.072, 1.232]b |
| Economic conditions | |
| Below 150% of poverty level, % | 1.019 [1.017, 1.020]b |
| Below 150% of poverty level, %, spatial lag | 1.004 [1.001, 1.006]b |
| Median household income, per $10,000 | 0.918 [0.910, 0.927]b |
| Unemployment, % | 0.988 [0.986, 0.990]b |
| Misalignment effects | |
| ZIP code instability | 1.001 [0.991, 1.011] |
| Random effects | |
| Spatial random effects (s.d. CARc process) | 0.441 [0.435, 0.447] |
| ZIP-code-level random effects (s.d.) | 0.147 [0.122, 0.173] |
| Spatial to total random variability ratiod | 0.900 [0.866, 0.928] |
a
Population density was divided into equal quartiles as follows: 1 (referent; 41.52 < people / mi2), 2 (41.52–732.10), 3 (732.11–5053.76), and 4 (> 5053.76);
b
Indicates findings that are well-supported by the data as evidenced by credible intervals that exclude one for relative risks;
c
CAR = conditional autoregressive;
d
calculated as the variance ratio of spatial to spatial and non-spatial random effects.