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. 2023 Nov 27;22:187. doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01885-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — DC-targeted cancer therapies. a The maturation of DCs. In the TME, genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and conventional antitumor regimens could support DC maturation by inducing DNA damage and activating cytosolic DNA sensing signaling, such as cGAS/STING/IFN-I pathway. Besides, In the presence of damage-associated molecular patterns from stressed or injured cancer cells, these immature DCs are activated by various PRR pathways. Additionally, chemotherapy and radiotherapy could promote DC maturation by inducing the ICD of cancer cells. DAMPs released during ICD stimulate DC maturation and improve DC functions: ATP facilitates DC recruitment and activation, CRT enhances cancer antigen engulfment, and HMGB1 improves antigen presentation of DCs. b DC-targeted cancer therapies. DC-targeted strategies mainly consist of agonists for DC differentiation, expansion, and activation, blockade of immunoinhibitory signals, and DC vaccines. Abbreviations: DC, dendritic cell; ICD, immunogenic cell death; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CRT, calreticulin; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1. Adapted from Yi et al. 2022 [62].