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. 2023 Nov 27;27:122. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00448-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Mild heat treatment (HT) of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) in a single passage at different temperatures. a Schematic representation of the experimental design. b Optical micrographs of the MSCs in each group on day 4. Scale bar is 200 μm. c Live cell percentage, d lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and e relative metabolic activities of the MSCs in each group. Gene expression levels of f heat shock proteins (HSPs) and g stemness markers. Gene expression levels were normalized with the control (37ºC). Error bars represent the average ± the standard error of the mean from three to five experiments. *p < 0.05 compared to the control group, and ^#p < 0.05 compared to two groups