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. 2023 Nov 27;27:122. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00448-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Mild HT of AD-MSCs for varying durations (a – f) and repetition (g – l) in a single passage. a An experimental scheme to study the effects of HT duration. b Live cell percentage, c LDH levels, and d relative metabolic activities of MSCs in each group. Gene expression levels of e HSPs and f stemness markers. g An experimental scheme to study the effects of HT repetition. h Live cell percentage, i LDH levels, and j relative metabolic activities of MSCs in each group. Gene expression levels of k HSPs and l stemness markers. Gene expression levels were normalized with the control (37ºC). Error bars represent the average ± the standard error of the mean from three to five experiments. *p < 0.05 compared to the control group, and ^#p < 0.05 compared to two groups