Table 1.

Effects of Metformin Targeting mTOR on Inflammatory Diseases

Disease	Subjects	Pathways	Effects	Reference
Scleroderma	Mice	mTOR-STAT3 signaling	↓IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, TGF-β, Col1a, Th17 ↑p-AMPK	[60]
Silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis	Human and rats	AMPK-mTOR signaling	↓TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-1β, α-SMA, p62 ↑E-cadherin, p-AMPK, autophagy	[61]
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy	Human	AMPK-mTOR signaling	↓IL6, IL-8, CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL2, HA,α-SMA, ITGA5, COL1A1, COL2A1, COL3A1, FN1, ITGB1, and p-Smad2 ↑Autophagy	[62]
Gout	Human	mTOR signaling	↓The rate of monocyte death, inflammation, and frequency of gout flares ↑Autophagy	[63]
Polycystic ovary syndrome	Human and mice	AMPK-PI3K-mTOR signaling	↓TNF-α, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ROS Reverse ovulatory dysfunction, disturbed estrous cycle, and abnormal ovarian morphology, and restore the impaired glucose tolerance	[57]
Psoriasis	HaCaT cells	mTOR signaling	↓Proliferation, p-p70S6K, IL-6, TNF-α, and VEGF ↑Apoptosis	[64]
Liver injury	Rats	mTOR-HIF-1α signaling	↓α-SMA, TIMP-1, hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6,ALT and AST	[65]
Spinal cord injury	Rats and microglial cells	AMPK-mTOR signaling	↓Apoptosis, inflammation ↑Axon regeneration, M1 to M2 phenotype polarization, and autophagy	[66]
Intestinal injury	HUVECs, HIECs, and BALB/c mice	mTOR signaling	↓Senescence, intestinal canal inflammation, and oxidative stress	[67]
Sepsis-associated myocardial injury	C57BL/6J mice and H9c2 cells	AMPK-mTOR signaling	↓Cardiac dysfunction, myocardial enzymes, and cardiac hydroncus ↑Autophagy	[68]