Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants *
| Variables | Total | Suppressed Renin Phenotype (PRA ≤ 0.5) | Unsuppressed Renin Phenotype (PRA > 0.5) |
|---|---|---|---|
| N of participants | 948 | 467 | 481 |
| Age | 62.3 ± 9.4 | 64.3 ± 9.6 | 60.4 ± 8.8 |
| Male, N (%) | 498 (52.5) | 198 (41.2) | 283 (58.8) |
| Race/ethnicity, N (%) | |||
| White | 395 (41.7) | 187 (40.0) | 208 (43.2) |
| Chinese American | 151 (15.9) | 74 (15.9) | 77 (16.0) |
| African American | 136 (14.4) | 101 (21.6) | 35 (7.3) |
| Hispanic | 266 (28.1) | 105 (22.5) | 161 (33.5) |
| Education status, N (%) | |||
| ≤11 grade | 160 (16.9) | 79 (16.9) | 81 (16.9) |
| High school to college | 361 (38.0) | 182 (39.0) | 179 (37.3) |
| Associate’s, bachelor’s, or professional degree | 426 (45.0) | 206 (44.1) | 220 (45.8) |
| Annual income, N (%) | |||
| <$30,000 | 290 (31.6) | 149 (33.3) | 141 (31.6) |
| $30,000 to $75,000 | 388 (42.2) | 183 (40.9) | 205 (42.2) |
| >$75,000 | 241 (26.2) | 115 (25.7) | 126 (26.2) |
| Health insurance, N (%) | 683 (72.1) | 322 (69.1) | 361 (75.1) |
| Smoking status, N (%) | |||
| Never | 483 (51.2) | 249 (53.4) | 234 (49.0) |
| Former | 339 (35.9) | 164 (35.2) | 175 (36.6) |
| Current | 122 (12.9) | 53 (11.4) | 69 (14.4) |
| Alcohol use, N (%) | 521 (55.0) | 244 (52.4) | 277 (57.6) |
| Physical activity, MET-min/week, Median [Interquartile range] | 3885 [2040–7003] | 3630 [2145–6675] | 4080 [2015–7230] |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.2 ± 4.9 | 27.0 ± 4.8 | 27.3 ± 5.0 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 118.6 ± 18.5 | 122.9 ± 19.3 | 114.4 ± 16.8 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 69.4 ± 9.5 | 70.2 ± 9.8 | 68.7 ± 9.1 |
| Serum sodium, mEq/l | 147.1 ± 3.4 | 147.0 ± 3.4 | 147.1 ± 3.3 |
| Serum potassium, mEq/l | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.3 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 95.5 ± 26.9 | 93.7 ± 23.5 | 97.2 ± 29.8 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 75.3 ± 14.0 | 74.5 ± 13.8 | 76.1 ± 14.1 |
| LDL, mg/dl | 116.1 ± 29.9 | 115.5 ± 30.3 | 116.6 ± 29.4 |
| Statin prescription | 132 (13.9) | 50 (10.7) | 82 (17.1) |
| Urinary sodium, mmol/l | 104.9 ± 53.9 | 103.6 ± 53.7 | 106.1 ± 54.1 |
| Urinary potassium, mmol/l | 56.2 ± 30.8 | 54.1 ± 31.3 | 58.3 ± 30.1 |
| Aldosterone concentration, pg/ml | |||
| Mean ± Standard deviation | 139.7 ± 70.9 | 118.3 ± 52.8 | 160.5 ± 79.6 |
| Median [Interquartile range] | 127.1 [90.6–173.3] | 109.3 [80.1–147.6] | 147.3 [109.0–194.9] |
| PRA, μg/L per h | |||
| Mean ± Standard deviation | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.7 |
| Median [Interquartile range] | 0.5 [0.3–0.9] | 0.3 [0.2–0.4] | 0.9 [0.7–1.3] |
| ARR | |||
| Mean ± Standard deviation | 518 ± 1597 | 874 ± 2219 | 173 ± 98 |
| Median [Interquartile range] | 243 [148–408] | 395 [267–710] | 157 [104–217] |
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PRA, plasma renin activity; ARR, aldosterone-renin ratio (pmol/L)/(μg/L per h); CAC, coronary artery calcium score.
*
Mean ± standard deviation was described for continuous variables, otherwise indicated.