Table 1.
Patient Characteristics and Annotation Results at Second Resection, Stratified by the Presence of T2-FLAIR Mismatch Sign
| T2-FLAIR mismatch sign | Absent (n = 51) | Present (n = 25) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex (%) | 17 (33%) | 15 (60%) | 0.05 |
| Age at diagnosis (y) median (range) | 34.0 (18.0–70.0) | 28.0 (19.0–53.0) | 0.03 |
| Median time since diagnosis in y (range) | 4.5 (1.2–23.5) | 3.9 (1.0–14.9) | 0.3 |
| Median overall post-resection survival (OS-R2) in y (95% CI) | 5.2 (2.8–5.9) | 8.3 (6.4—N/A) | 0.001 |
| Median progression-free post-resection survival (PFS-R2) in y (95% CI) | 1.6 (1.3–2.8) | 4.1 (2.5—N/A) | 0.01 |
| Median time to second resection in y (range) | 3.6 (1.0–17.5) | 3.6 (0.9–13.9) | 0.8 |
| CNS WHO-2021 grade | |||
| Grade 2 | 26 (51%) | 20 (80%) | 0.02 |
| Grade 3 | 7 (14%) | 2 (8%) | 0.71 |
| Grade 4 | 18 (35%) | 3 (12%) | 0.05 |
| KPS before surgery | |||
| 100 | 21 (41%) | 14 (56%) | 0.33 |
| 90 | 19 (37%) | 8 (32%) | 0.8 |
| <90 | 11 (22%) | 3 (12%) | 0.37 |
| Location | |||
| Side of lesion center | |||
| Left | 24 (47%) | 13 (52%) | 0.81 |
| Right | 27 (53%) | 12 (48%) | 0.81 |
| Location in or near eloquent regions (Sawaya et al.) | |||
| Eloquent (III) | 36 (71%) | 9 (36%) | 0.006 |
| Near-eloquent (II) | 8 (16%) | 7 (28%) | 0.23 |
| Noneloquent (I) | 7 (14%) | 9 (36%) | 0.04 |
| Tumor site (multiple sites possible) | |||
| Frontal lobe | 39 (76%) | 22 (88%) | 0.36 |
| Temporal lobe | 23 (45%) | 6 (24%) | 0.09 |
| Insula | 21 (41%) | 5 (20%) | 0.08 |
| Corpus callosum | 7 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 0.09 |
| Parietal lobe | 15 (29%) | 3 (12%) | 0.15 |
| Occipital lobe | 3 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.55 |
| Brainstem | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 |
| Basal ganglia | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 |
| Thalamus | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 |
| Treatment | |||
| Extent of resection | |||
| Partial resection | 36 (71%) | 13 (52%) | 0.13 |
| Complete resection | 15 (29%) | 12 (48%) | 0.13 |
| Radiotherapy | 15 (29%) | 12 (48%) | 0.13 |
| Chemotherapy | 18 (35%) | 8 (32%) | 1.00 |
| Prior treatment | |||
| Radiotherapy | 21 (41%) | 5 (20%) | 0.08 |
| Number of radiotherapy treatments | |||
| 1 | 20 (39%) | 5 (20%) | 0.12 |
| 2 | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Chemotherapy | 11 (22%) | 1 (4%) | 0.09 |
| Number of chemotherapy treatments | |||
| 1 | 7 (14%) | 1 (4%) | 0.26 |
| 2 | 2 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Biopsy | 6 (12%) | 1 (4%) | 0.41 |
| Radiological features | |||
| Median contrast-enhancing volume in mL (range) | 0.1 (0.0–63.8) | 0.0 (0.0–0.3) | <0.001 |
| Median whole tumor volume in mL (range) | 22.5 (1.7–149.3) | 12.1 (1.3–29.0) | 0.01 |
| Thickness of enhancing margin | |||
| Not applicable | 25 (49%) | 20 (80%) | 0.01 |
| Thin (<3 mm) | 11 (22%) | 4 (16%) | 0.76 |
| Thick/nodular (≥3 mm) | 10 (20%) | 1 (4%) | 0.09 |
| Solid | 5 (10%) | 0 (0%) | 0.16 |
| Growth pattern | |||
| Mostly invasive | 13 (27%) | 4 (18%) | 0.55 |
| Mostly expansive | 2 (4%) | 5 (23%) | 0.03 |
| Not sure | 18 (38%) | 7 (32%) | 0.79 |
| Mixed | 15 (31%) | 6 (27%) | 0.79 |
| Not available | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Mismatch sign at first resection | |||
| Yes | 4 (14%) | 7 (50%) | 0.02 |
| No | 24 (86%) | 7 (50%) | 0.02 |
| Not available | 23 | 11 | 1 |
Note: First column (all) includes patients where no sufficient imaging was available. P-value compares columns absent and present. Missing values are reported “as Not available,” but not included in the computation of percentages and P-values.