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. 2023 Nov 27;13:20801. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47865-4

Table 4.

Estimation of parameters affecting children's development level by MLR (backward elimination) analysis.

B Std. error P O.R. 95% confidence interval for O.R.
Lower Upper

Generala

Reference category: Delay-Suspect

 Normal Intercept − 0.837 1.564 0.593
Age − 0.046 0.024 0.052 0.955 0.912 1.000
Family income levels 0.531 0.173 0.002 1.700 1.211 2.388
Father playing with the child = none 0.208 0.467 0.655 1.232 0.493 3.075
 Advanced Intercept 1.128 1.756 0.521
Age − 0.092 0.029 0.002 0.912 0.861 0.966
Family income levels 0.805 0.206 0.000 2.237 1.494 3.349
Father playing with the child = none − 1.502 0.697 0.031 0.223 0.057 0.874

Language-cognitiveb

Reference category: Delay-Suspect

 Normal Intercept 5.307 2.044 0.009
Age − 0.077 0.030 0.010 0.926 0.873 0.982
Mother’s education level 0.227 0.243 0.350 1.254 0.780 2.018
Interpregnancy Interval − 0.125 0.078 0.109 0.883 0.758 1.028
Breastfeeding duration 0.027 0.025 0.273 1.028 0.979 1.079
Time to start walking − 0.127 0.071 0.073 0.881 0.767 1.012
Breastfeeding education = none 0.122 0.511 0.812 1.129 0.415 3.076
 Advanced Intercept 6.128 2.429 0.012
Age − 0.144 0.035 0.000 0.866 0.809 0.928
Mother’s education level 0.721 0.285 0.011 2.057 1.177 3.595
Interpregnancy Interval − 0.192 0.089 0.031 0.825 0.692 0.983
Breastfeeding duration 0.084 0.030 0.006 1.087 1.024 1.154
Time to start walking − 0.242 0.096 0.011 0.785 0.651 0.947
Breastfeeding education = none 1.342 0.612 0.028 3.828 1.153 12.706

Fine motorc

Reference category: Delay-Suspect

 Normal Intercept 4.232 2.112 0.045
Age − 0.069 0.023 0.003 0.933 0.891 0.977
Mother’s age 0.059 0.071 0.403 1.061 0.924 1.218
Father’s age − 0.111 0.073 0.129 0.895 0.776 1.033
Time to start walking − 0.123 0.077 0.113 0.885 0.760 1.029
Family income levels 0.330 0.167 0.049 1.391 1.002 1.931
Father helping child feeding = none 2.058 0.843 0.015 7.827 1.500 40.837
Father playing with the child = none − 2.218 0.863 0.010 0.109 0.020 0.591
 Advanced Intercept − 2.543 3.012 0.399
Age − 0.087 0.035 0.012 0.916 0.856 0.981
Mother’s age − 0.215 0.113 0.058 0.807 0.646 1.007
Father’s age 0.200 0.102 0.050 1.222 1.000 1.492
Time to start walking − 0.253 0.144 0.079 0.776 0.585 1.030
Family income levels 1.388 0.345 0.000 4.007 2.040 7.874
Father helping child feeding = none − 0.206 1.324 0.876 0.813 0.061 10.900
Father playing with the child = none 0.752 1.410 0.594 2.121 0.134 33.619

Gross motor

Reference category: Delay-Suspect

 Normal Intercept − 0.672 1.770 0.704
Age − 0.016 0.026 0.532 0.984 0.934 1.036
Number of children in the family − 0.086 0.277 0.755 0.917 0.533 1.577
Interpregnancy interval − 0.103 0.076 0.175 0.903 0.778 1.047
Birth weight 0.001 0.000 0.030 1.001 1.000 1.002
Father occupation = not working- unemployed 0.909 0.767 0.236 2.481 0.552 11.156
Father occupation = public employee − 0.289 0.500 0.564 0.749 0.281 1.998
 Advanced Intercept 1.585 2.087 0.448
Age − 0.148 0.034 0.000 0.862 0.807 0.921
Number of children in the family 0.659 0.320 0.040 1.934 1.032 3.624
Interpregnancy Interval − 0.204 0.096 0.033 0.815 0.676 0.984
Birth weight 0.001 0.001 0.026 1.001 1.000 1.002
Father occupation = not working-unemployed 2.073 0.899 0.021 7.945 1.363 46.313
Father occupation = public employee 1.085 0.629 0.084 2.961 0.863 10.155

Social skill and self-care

Reference category: Delay-Suspect

 Normal Intercept 3.902 1.867 0.037
Age − 0.028 0.025 0.269 0.972 0.925 1.022
Interpregnancy interval − 0.162 0.070 0.021 0.850 0.741 0.976
Time to start walking − 0.095 0.073 0.192 0.909 0.788 1.049
Sex = girl 1.368 0.462 0.003 3.927 1.588 9.708
Father helping child feeding = none 1.766 1.261 0.161 5.850 0.494 69.288
Father helping child dress up = none − 2.161 1.245 0.083 0.115 0.010 1.322
Father occupation = tradesman-farmer 2.553 1.444 0.077 12.846 0.759 217.533
Type of activity at home in the pandemic = indoor activities − 1.231 0.556 0.027 0.292 0.098 0.869
 Advanced Intercept 6.996 2.260 0.002
Age − 0.083 0.030 0.006 0.921 0.867 0.977
Interpregnancy interval − 0.159 0.082 0.054 0.853 0.726 1.003
Time to start walking − 0.239 0.103 0.020 0.788 0.644 0.963
Sex = girl 1.611 0.569 0.005 5.007 1.641 15.274
Father helping child feeding = none 2.989 1.521 0.049 19.867 1.008 391.620
Father helping child dress up = none − 3.146 1.519 0.038 0.043 0.002 0.844
Father occupation = tradesman-farmer 3.758 1.483 0.011 42.882 2.344 784.667
Type of activity at home in the pandemic = indoor activities − 1.367 0.651 0.036 0.255 0.071 0.914

Gross motor: Goodness-of-Fit p = 0.278, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.327.

Social skill and self-care: Goodness-of-Fit p = 0.486, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.330.

Independent variables: Continuous or ordinal variables: Child's age, gestational interval, gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, father's age, family total income level, father's education level, mother's education level, walking time. Dummy variables: Gender, going to daycare, going to daycare during the pandemic, the type of spending time at home during the pandemic, the child's playground during the pandemic, the mode of delivery, breastfeeding education, mother's employment status, father's occupation, father's participation in childcare.

aGoodness-of-Fit p = 0.497, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.269. bGoodness-of-Fit p = 0.077, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.336, cGoodness-of-Fit p = 0.909, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.365.

p < 0.05 values are in bold.