Table 3.
Baseline religiosity and odds ratios (95% CI) for incident Parkinson’s disease
| Study, analysis | Religion very important | Religion somewhat important | Religion not very important | Religion not at all important | P value for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled | |||||
| PD cases [n (%)] | 11 (0.5) | 16 (0.7) | 25 (1.0) | 22 (0.9) | |
| N | 2313 | 2290 | 2628 | 2565 | |
| Model 1 | 1 [reference] | 1.62 (0.75, 3.53) | 2.44 (1.16, 5.13)* | 2.34 (1.07, 5.11)* | 0.021* |
| Model 2 | 1 [reference] | 2.90 (1.20, 7.00)* | 7.82 (2.85, 21.47)*** | 9.99 (3.28, 30.36)*** | < 0.001*** |
| ELSA | |||||
| PD cases [n (%)] | 5 (0.4) | 6 (0.4) | 21 (1.0) | 20 (0.9) | |
| N | 1219 | 1432 | 2140 | 2333 | |
| Model 1 | 1 [reference] | 1.08 (0.33, 3.57) | 2.60 (0.96, 6.99) | 2.23 (0.82, 6.08) | 0.047* |
| Model 2 | 1 [reference] | 1.29 (0.34, 4.91) | 5.83 (1.37, 24.83)* | 6.89 (1.48, 32.01)* | 0.006** |
| MIDUS | |||||
| PD cases [n (%)] | 6 (0.5) | 10 (1.2) | 4 (0.8) | 2 (0.9) | |
| N | 1094 | 858 | 488 | 232 | |
| Model 1 | 1 [reference] | 2.30 (0.81, 6.51) | 1.68 (0.45, 6.21) | 1.74 (0.33, 9.10) | 0.406 |
| Model 2 | 1 [reference] | 5.53 (1.67, 18.32)** | 8.42 (1.68, 42.10)** | 13.69 (1.63, 114.97)* | 0.003** |
ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Aging; MIDUS, Midlife in the United States study; PD, Parkinson’s disease
Model 1: age, sex and either cohort (pooled), region (ELSA), or sample (MIDUS)
Model 2: Model 1 + ethnicity, education, marital status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity levels, self-rated health, diabetes, hypertension, mental health conditions, frequency of private religious practices, and frequency of religious service attendance
*P < 0.05
**P < 0.01
***P < 0.001