Table 1.

Chemical constituents, parts of plant and uses of herbal plants used in treatment of COVID-19

	Plant (common name)		Plant (botanical name)		Chemical constituents		Parts used		Pharmacological acitivies		Tissue protective activities		Reference
	Asvagandha		Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal		Withaferin, withanone, withanolide		Root, leaf		Anti-covid-19 (suppressing ROS production and TGF-β1 signaling. Inhibit ACE-2 receptor), anti-pyretic, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory (↓ IL-1 β, IL-6, TNFα)		Lung protective, skin protective, neuroprotective		[29]
	Guduchi		Tinospora cordifolia (wild.) Miers		Tinosporin, tinosporide, cordifolide, phenyl prophyl glycoside		Stem, leaf, aerial root		Anti covid-19 (Reduce interaction between ACE-2- RBD complex) Anti-oxidant, immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory (↓ IL-1 β, IL-6, TNFα), anti-rheumatic		Neuroprotective, Lung protective, Immunomodulator		[22]
	Kalamegha		Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)		Andrographolide, neoandrographolide, deoxy andrographolide		Whole plant		Anti-viral (supress ACE-2 receptor), anti-pyretic, anti-periodic, immune enhancement		Hepatoprotective, lung protective, immunomodulators		[30]
	Tulasi		Ocimumtenuiflorum L		Bornylacetate, cadinene, eugenol, methyl chavicol, limonene		Leaf, root, seed		Anti-covid19 (potentially inhibit Mpro of SARS-CoV-2) Anti-viral anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-spasmodic		Cough protective, immunomodulator, lung protective		[29]
	Tvak		Cinnamomum verum Presl		Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, benzaldehyde, methyl eugenol		Stem bark		Rhinitis, cough, headache, indigestion		Skin protection		[31]
	Haldi		Curcuma longa		curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin		Root		Anti-covid-19 ( bind with spike proteins and with the ACE-2 receptor), anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory (↓iNOS and cytokine induced neutrophil chemo attractants)		Neuroprotective, skin protective		[32]
	Scurfy pea		cullencorylifolium (l.) medik		corylifol H, epi-bavacoumestan		Flower, seed, leaf		Anti-covid-19(potentially inhibit Mpro of SARS-CoV-2), anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory (↓ IL-1 β, IL-6, TNFα)		Neuroprotective, Lung protective, Immunomodulator		[33]
	Neem		Azadirachta indica		Azadirachtin, nimbolinin, nimbin, and salannin		Leaves		Anti-inflammatory (↓ IL-1 β, IL-6, TNFα), anti-viral, anti-covid19 (bind with E and M required for assembly of SARS- CoV-2 also inhibit papin like proteases PLpro of SARS-Cov-2)		Neuroprotective, Lung protective, Immunomodulator		[34]
	Meethi		Trigonella foenum graecum linn		Fenugrin B, isoleucine, leucin, graecunins		Seeds		Anti-pyretic, painkiller, anti-inflammation (↓ IL-1 β, IL-6, TNFα)		Hepatoprotective, immunomodulator		[35]
	Adrak		Zingiber officinale roscoe		Gingerols, shogaols, paradols, 6- gingerol, and 8- gingerol		Rhizome		Anti-Covid 19 ( inhibit papin like protease (PLpro) and ACE-2 receptor) Respiratory infections, anti-inflammation, expectorant		Cough protective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulator		[36]
	Sarata		Tribulus terrestris		Flavonoids, flavonol, gylcosides steroidal saponins and alkaloids		Whole plant		Anti-covid19 (inhibit papin like protease PLpro), anti-viral, anti-inflammatory (↓iNOS and cytokine induced neutrophil chemo attractants, ↓PGE-2 and reduce the expression of IL-1 β, IL-6, TNFα)		Hepatoprotective, immunomodulator, Neuroprotective, Lung protective		[37]
	Clove		Syzygiumaromaticumlinn		Carvacol, eugenol, thymol,and cinnamaldehyde		Flower and leaves		Immunity enhance, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory (↓ IL-1 β, IL-6, TNFα), throat infection		Cough protective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulator		[38]
	Amla		Emblica officinalis		Ascorbic acid, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid, gallic acid		Fruits		Inhibit replication of virus, immunomodulator, anti-oxidant (reduced glutathione level, increase SOD1 decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation, ROS production)		Neuroprotective, immunomodulator, lung protective		[22]
	Kukum		Mallotusphilippensis		Phenols, diterpenoids, steroid, flavonoids		Fruit and leaves		Anti-covid and anti-viral, anti-inflammatory (↓ IL-1 β, IL-6, TNFα)		Immunomodulator		[22]
	Saffron		Saffron crocus		Carotenoid, crocin, picrocrocin, safranal		Flower		Anti-covid (reduce cytokine cascade and downregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene expression), anti-inflammatory, anti-viral		Immunomodulator, neuroprotective, skin protective		[16]
	Rasona		Allium sativum		Allylalcohol, allylthiol, allylpropyldisulphide		Fruit		Anti-covid (supress ACE-2 receptor and main protease PDB6LU7 of SARS-CoV 2 virus and also reduce inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue derived hormones)		Neuroprotective, immunomodulator, lung protective		[16]
	Black- or chebulic myrobalan		Terminalia chebula		Triterpenes, arjunglucoside, chebuloside		Fruit and flower		Anti-covid (displayed 3CLpro inhibition)		lung protective		[16]
	Long pepper		Piper longum		Alkaloid piperine		Fruit		Anti-covid (inhibit ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors)		lung protective		[16]
	Tulip tree		Pulownia tomentosa		flavonoids		bark, fruits, xylem, and leaves		bronchitis, asthmatic attacks, dysentery, anti-covid19 ( inhibit PLpro, 3CLpro)		lung protective, immunomodulator		[39]
	Sage		Salvia officinalis		Alkaloids, phenolic compounds, steroids polyacetylen, essential oils		Fruit, leaves		Anti-inflammatory (↓ IL-1β, IL-6), Anti-cancer, Anti-diabetic, Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant		Neuroprotective, Cardioprotective, Lung protective		[40]