. 2023 Jan-Apr;18(1):37–43. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10080-1578

Table 2.

Distraction methods and outcomes

Study	Construct	Hinge identification	Distraction	ROM in frame	Time in frame	Complications
van Valburg 2000²⁰	Ilizarov external fixator	ND	ND	Unlimited	8 weeks	No significant complications
Yanai 2005²¹	Study specific – 2 half ring, 4 half pins: 2 in femur 2 in tibia	Wire passed through distal femur at origin of lateral collateral ligament	ND	Unlimited	12 weeks	ND
Kajiwara 2005²²	Modified mini external fixator (Meira, Nagoya, Japan)	Wire passed through insertion point of medial collateral ligament to centre of curvature of lateral femoral condyle	1.5 mm	Unlimited	4, 8, and 12 weeks	ND
Kamei 2013²³	Magnetic distraction arthroplasty system (Hitachi Metals, Tokyo, Japan)	Wire inserted apex of lateral epicondyle to apex of medial epicondyle	5 mm	Almost full range	N/A	N/A
Struik 2017²⁴	Joint-specific articulating distraction device attached with bone pins and bone pin clamps (Triax Monotube, Stryker, Switzerland)	Personalised cam fabrication	5 mm	0–30 degrees	N/A	N/A
Deie 2007²⁶	Articulated arthroplasty device (Meira, Nagoya, Japan	Two guide pins inserted apex of medial and lateral epicondyles	1.6 mm (0–3 mm)	~30 degrees	8–12 weeks	1 superficial skin infection
Struik 2021²⁵	Joint-specific articulating distraction device	Personalised joint-specific hinges	5 mm	0–15 degrees	6 weeks	Significant pain leading abandonment of device in all patients

ND, not documented