Table 1.

Reported TCMs used for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

TCM	Active compounds	Biological activity	Efficacy	Products	Reference
Honeysuckle	Chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, polysaccharides	Antiviral, anti-inflammatory	Treatment of infections caused by various viruses (including hepatitis B virus, adenovirus, influenza A virus, dengue virus, enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus); antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus haemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus dysenteriae, B. typhi, B. paratyphi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and B. tuberculosis); inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, prevention of cytokine storms	Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian; Fu Fang Jin Yin Hua Ke Li	Gamaleldin Elsadig Karar et al. (2016), Tamura et al. (2006), Wang et al. (2009), and Elebeedy et al. (2021)
Scutellaria baicalensis	Baicalin, baicalein	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, immunomodulatory	Broad-spectrum antiviral activity against HIV, influenza disease, DENV, HBV and HTLV-I.	Huang Qin Jiao Nang	Jang et al. (2023), Li K. et al. (2021), Zandi et al. (2012), and Yang et al. (2014)
Dendrobium	polysaccharide	Antioxidant, immunostimulant	Antiviral activity against influenza A virus	/	Duan et al. (2022) and Li R. et al. (2017)
Isatidis Radix	Alkaloids, organic acids, flavonoids, volatile oils and polysaccharides	Antiviral	Inhibits the replication of human influenza viruses (H1N1 and H3N2), avian influenza viruses (H6N2 and H9N2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1), and shows antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type II (HSV-2) and influenza A virus (IAV)	Ban Lan Gen Ke Li	Tong et al. (2020), Roy et al. (2018), Xiao et al. (2016), Li Z. et al. (2017), and He et al. (2014)
Andrographis paniculata	Diterpenoids, lactones and flavonoids	Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, immunomodulatory	Antiviral (Influenza A virus (IAV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B and C, Herpes Simplex Virus I, EBV, etc.), Antibacterial (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Candida spp., S. pneumoniae, etc.)	Andrographolide Tablets, Andrographolide Drops, Andrographolide Injection	Jiang et al. (2021), Intharuksa et al. (2022), and Ding et al. (2022)
Pelargonium	Tannins, flavonoids, essential oil flavonoids and carboxylic acid compounds	Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory	Inhibits viruses (influenza virus, HIV, etc.), bacteria (S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. enterica, P. aeruginosa, etc.)	Geranium Essential Oil	Kong et al. (2023)
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinone A, glycyrrhizinone E	Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant	Antiviral (HCV, HIV, CVB71, DHV, EV16, CVA5, HSV and H1N1, etc.), Antibacterial (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)	Compound Liquorice Tablets, Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate Capsules, Jin Sang Zi Hou Pian	Guan et al. (2020), Wang et al. (2015), and Derosa et al. (2021)
Forsythia koreana	Forsythoside, Forsythin, Isoforsythoside	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral	Antiviral (against influenza A virus and respiratory syncytial virus, etc.) Antibacterial (E. coli, Bacillus, M. pneumoniae, B. dysenteriae, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, etc.)	Shuanghuanglian Injection, WeiCYinQiaoPian, Antiviral oral solution, etc.	Wang et al. (2018), Yuan H. et al. (2017), and Wu et al. (2016)
Coptis chinensis	Isoquinoline alkaloids	Antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory	Antibacterial (S. aureus, S. pyogenes, B. anthracis, A. pleuropneumoniae, S. dysenteriae and E. coli, etc.), cytokine storm sedation	Huang Lian Shang Qing Pian, Shuanghuanglian Oral Liquid	Yu et al. (2022), Batlle and Massagué (2019), and Pool (2003)
Artemisia argyi	Flavonoid glycosides, volatile oils, steroids, chromones, coumarins, phenolic acids, terpenoids	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory	Antibacterial against E. coli, S. enteritidis, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus, C. albicans	Artemisia absinthium volatile oil	Ding et al. (2021), Hurwitz et al. (2008), and Liu et al. (2021)
Lilium longiflorum	Steroidal saponins, sterols, polysaccharides, alkaloids and flavonoids	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory	Antioxidant damage	/	Sun et al. (2022) and Cai et al. (2015)
Crocus sativus	Saffronin and saffron aldehyde	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant	Antioxidant damage	/	Gong et al. (2021)
Cryptotaenia japonica	Saikosaponin, steroidal saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, fatty acids, essential oils, polyacetylene and polysaccharides	anti-inflammatory	Suppressing damage from inflammation	Xiaochaihu granule	Jiang et al. (2020) and Xiang et al. (2020)