Table 2.
Association with the composite outcome
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P value | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P value | |
| Backgrounds | ||||||
| Age (years) | 1.024 | 1.014–1.035 | <0.001 | 1.014 | 1.001–1.027 | 0.031 |
| Male (%) | 0.988 | 0.759–1.286 | 0.928 | 1.162 | 0.997–1.557 | 0.314 |
| BNP | 1.000 | 0.999–1.000 | 0.471 | |||
| NYHA class | 1.309 | 1.088–1.574 | 0.004 | 1.210 | 0.989–1.480 | 0.063 |
| EF (%) | 1.008 | 0.996–1.020 | 0.189 | 0.996 | 0.981–1.011 | 0.615 |
| Hx of HF (%) | 1.948 | 1.511–2.511 | <0.001 | 1.307 | 0.977–1.748 | 0.071 |
| ICM (%) | 1.584 | 1.232–2.037 | <0.001 | 1.248 | 0.947–1.644 | 0.115 |
| sBP (mmHg) | 0.997 | 0.993–1.001 | 0.127 | |||
| dBP (mmHg) | 0.990 | 0.985–0.996 | 0.001 | 0.999 | 0.992–1.006 | 0.778 |
| HR (b.p.m.) | 0.992 | 0.987–0.997 | 0.004 | 0.998 | 0.992–1.004 | 0.557 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.970 | 0.944–0.996 | 0.026 | 0.998 | 0.980–1.015 | 0.805 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| AF (%) | 1.110 | 0.861–1.431 | 0.419 | |||
| DM (%) | 1.175 | 0.907–1.521 | 0.221 | 1.120 | 0.844–1.486 | 0.432 |
| COPD (%) | 1.285 | 0.813–2.030 | 0.282 | 1.301 | 0.802–2.109 | 0.286 |
| Pneumonia (%) | 0.875 | 0.586–1.306 | 0.514 | |||
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| BUN (mg/dL) | 1.018 | 1.012–1.024 | <0.001 | 0.998 | 0.988–1.009 | 0.801 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.979 | 0.973–0.985 | <0.001 | 0.990 | 0.981–1.000 | 0.054 |
| UA (mg/dL) | 1.029 | 0.973–1.088 | 0.308 | |||
| Na (mmol/L) | 0.972 | 0.947–0.998 | 0.035 | 0.994 | 0.965–1.023 | 0.718 |
| K (mmol/L) | 1.218 | 1.052–1.412 | 0.008 | 1.034 | 0.862–1.239 | 0.718 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 0.887 | 0.843–0.933 | <0.001 | 0.994 | 0.929–1.065 | 0.879 |
| Alb (g/dL) | 0.670 | 0.539–0.833 | <0.001 | 0.853 | 0.663–1.098 | 0.218 |
| In‐hospital use | ||||||
| Vasodilator (%) | 0.949 | 0.701–1.285 | 0.737 | |||
| Carperitide | 0.872 | 0.601–1.266 | 0.473 | |||
| In‐hospital loop diuretics (%) | 1.040 | 0.780–1.385 | 0.790 | |||
| In‐hospital TLV (%) | 1.829 | 1.416–2.364 | <0.001 | 1.118 | 0.743–1.682 | 0.591 |
| Catecholamine (%) | 1.426 | 1.060–1.918 | 0.019 | 1.041 | 0.706–1.534 | 0.838 |
| NPPV (%) | 1.198 | 0.861–1.665 | 0.283 | |||
| At discharge | ||||||
| Hospital stay (days) | 1.009 | 1.003–1.015 | 0.002 | 1.003 | 0.995–1.010 | 0.507 |
| No drugs | 0.735 | 0.653–0.827 | <0.001 | 0.929 | 0.403–1.121 | 0.445 |
| GDMT score ≧5 | 0.432 | 0.324–0.576 | <0.001 | 0.606 | 0.403–0.912 | 0.016 |
| ACEi/ARB (%) | 0.817 | 0.612–1.091 | 0.170 | |||
| ARNI (%) | 0.137 | 0.034–0.551 | 0.005 | |||
| BB (%) | 0.692 | 0.513–0.935 | 0.016 | |||
| MRA (%) | 0.561 | 0.436–0.722 | <0.001 | |||
| SGLT2i (%) | 0.707 | 0.485–1.032 | 0.072 | |||
| Loop (%) | 1.240 | 0.944–1.627 | 0.121 | |||
| Loop dose (mg) | 1.013 | 1.006–1.021 | <0.001 | 1.005 | 0.997–1.012 | 0.190 |
| TLV (%) | 2.193 | 1.690–2.846 | <0.001 | 1.386 | 0.887–2.164 | 0.151 |
| PDEIIIi (%) | 1.406 | 0.959–2.060 | 0.080 | 0.891 | 0.566–1.402 | 0.618 |
| CRT/ICD (%) | 1.664 | 1.053 | 0.029 | 1.263 | 0.738–2.161 | 0.393 |
ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; Alb, albumin; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; BB, beta‐blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; dBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GDMT, guideline‐directed medical therapy; Hb, haemoglobin; HR, heart rate; Hx of HF, history of heart failure; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator; ICM, ischaemic cardiomyopathy; K, potassium; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; Na, sodium; NPPV, non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PDEIIIi, phosphodiesterase III inhibitor; sBP, systolic blood pressure; SGLT2i, sodium–glucose transporter 2 inhibitor; TLV, tolvaptan; UA, uric acid.