Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the included patients according to the main aetiology of cardiogenic shock
| Characteristic | Overall cohort | AMI‐CS | ADHF‐CS | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 190) | (N = 101) | (N = 89) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 65 (56–75) | 67 (59–76) | 63 (54–73) | 0.01 |
| BMI | 26 (23–29) | 26 (23–29) | 25 (23–28) | 0.3 |
| Male | 150 (78.9) | 78 (77.2) | 72 (80.9) | 0.5 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 154 (95.7) | 83 (98.8) | 71 (92.2) | 0.3 |
| Black | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Asian | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Hispanic | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.6) | |
| Other | 3 (1.9) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.6) | |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 119 (62.6) | 70 (69.3) | 49 (55.1) | 0.04 |
| Diabetes | 62 (32.6) | 30 (29.7) | 32 (36.0) | 0.4 |
| Smoking | 55 (29.1) | 35 (34.7) | 20 (22.7) | 0.07 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 85 (44.7) | 49 (48.5) | 36 (40.4) | 0.3 |
| Prior PCI | 45 (23.8) | 19 (19.0) | 26 (29.2) | 0.1 |
| Prior CABG | 18 (9.5) | 8 (7.9) | 9 (11.2) | 0.4 |
| Stroke or TIA | 12 (6.3) | 6 (5.9) | 6 (6.8) | 0.9 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 33 (17.6) | 20 (19.8) | 13 (14.9) | 0.3 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 52 (27.4) | 7 (6.9) | 45 (50.6) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 45 (23.7) | 12 (11.9) | 33 (37.1) | <0.001 |
| Anaemia | 26 (13.7) | 5 (5.0) | 21 (23.6) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 9 (4.7) | 1 (1.0) | 8 (9.0) | 0.01 |
| Cancer history | 20 (10.6) | 8 (8.0) | 12 (13.5) | 0.2 |
| Prior known EF | 34 (21–55) | 55 (49–59) | 25 (20–40) | < 0.001 |
| Waiting list for HT | 8 (4.2) | 1 (1.0) | 7 (7.9) | 0.03 |
| Drug history | ||||
| Beta‐blocker | 82 (44.6) | 24 (25.0) | 58 (65.9) | <0.001 |
| ACE‐I | 33 (17.8) | 18 (18.6) | 15 (17.0) | 0.8 |
| ARB | 18 (9.7) | 13 (13.3) | 5 (5.7) | 0.08 |
| Sacubitril/valsartan | 25 (13.5) | 1 (1.0) | 24 (27.6) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics | 80 (43.0) | 17 (17.5) | 63 (70.8) | <0.001 |
| MRA | 50 (26.9) | 5 (5.1) | 45 (51.1) | <0.001 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 46 (24.9) | 10 (10.2) | 36 (41.4) | <0.001 |
| Ivabradine | 6 (3.3) | 1 (1.0) | 5 (5.8) | 0.07 |
| SAPT | 49 (26.5) | 21 (21.4) | 28 (32.2) | 0.1 |
| DAPT | 20 (10.8) | 10 (10.2) | 10 (11.5) | 0.8 |
| Oral antidiabetics | 35 (18.9) | 15 (15.3) | 20 (23.0) | 0.2 |
| Insulin therapy | 19 (10.4) | 6 (6.1) | 13 (15.3) | 0.04 |
ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ADHF, acute decompensated heart failure; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CS, cardiogenic shock; DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy; EF, ejection fraction; HT, heart transplant; IQR, interquartile range; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SAPT, single antiplatelet therapy; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.
Data are presented as n (% on available) and as median (IQR).