Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with different left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) categories
| LVEF < 30% (n = 17 851) | LVEF 30–39% (n = 17 403) | LVEF 40–49% (n = 14 295) | LVEF ≥ 50% (n = 15 061) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Age | 70.6 ± 12.6 | 73.2 ± 11.7 | 74.5 ± 11.9 | 77.8 ± 10.7 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 13 142 (73.6) | 11 829 (68.0) | 8711 (60.9) | 6855 (45.5) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | <0.001 | ||||
| Current | 2459 (17.0) | 1813 (13.0) | 1245 (11.1) | 1004 (9.1) | |
| Previous | 6433 (44.5) | 6197 (44.5) | 4870 (43.4) | 4420 (39.9) | |
| Never | 5555 (38.5) | 5917 (42.5) | 5106 (45.5) | 5667 (51.1) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.4 ± 6.1 | 27.0 ± 7.3 | 27.4 ± 8.7 | 27.7 ± 6.4 | <0.001 |
| NYHA class | |||||
| II (%) | 5692 (42.3) | 6327 (50.8) | 5343 (53.9) | 4058 (45.7) | <0.001 |
| III (%) | 5993 (44.5) | 4320 (34.7) | 2794 (28.2) | 3092 (34.8) | |
| IV (%) | 859 (6.4) | 369 (3.0) | 246 (2.5) | 371 (4.2) | |
| LBBB | 4487 (29.4) | 2865 (19.2) | 1678 (13.9) | 1026 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Hypertension | 9594 (53.7) | 10 821 (62.2) | 9602 (67.2) | 11 290 (75.0) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 8719 (48.8) | 9142 (52.5) | 8263 (57.8) | 9666 (64.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4711 (26.4) | 4727 (27.2) | 3854 (27.0) | 4384 (29.1) | <0.001 |
| Valve disease | 3442 (19.3) | 3279 (18.8) | 2953 (20.7) | 4183 (27.8) | <0.001 |
| Dilated heart disease | 4132 (23.1) | 1536 (8.8) | 718 (5.0) | 374 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 8988 (50.4) | 7390 (42.5) | 6450 (45.1) | 6917 (45.9) | <0.001 |
| Stroke/TIA | 2324 (13.0) | 2432 (14.0) | 2092 (14.6) | 2545 (16.9) | <0.001 |
| Lung disease | 3185 (17.8) | 3301 (19.0) | 2913 (20.4) | 3761 (25.0) | <0.001 |
| Renal disease | 1014 (5.7) | 959 (5.5) | 770 (5.4) | 998 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Malignant diseases | 1670 (9.4) | 1852 (10.6) | 1570 (11) | 1796 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 76.3 ± 16.8 | 73.4 ± 16.2 | 73.4 ± 15.8 | 74.8 ± 16.2 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 121.1 ± 19.9 | 127.4 ± 24.4 | 130.4 ± 20.9 | 132.8 ± 22.0 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 72.9 ± 12.5 | 73.9 ± 12.2 | 73.8 ± 12.2 | 72.9 ± 13.4 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 6823.5 ± 88 565.9 | 4820.9 ± 6828.3 | 4242.9 ± 6631.2 | 3958.3 ± 6150.4 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 63.6 ± 23.6 | 63.0 ± 23.4 | 61.9 ± 23.4 | 57.5 ± 22.7 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 135.6 ± 17.5 | 133.2 ± 17.3 | 131.5 ± 17.5 | 127.3 ± 17.2 | <0.001 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.2 ± 0.45 | 4.18 ± 0.4 | 4.17 ± 0.4 | 4.12 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| QRS width | 121.4 ± 31.1 | 113.4 ± 28.6 | 107.6 ± 26.5 | 102.1 ± 25.1 | <0.001 |
| Treatment | |||||
| Adherence score | |||||
| Poor | 2098 (11.7) | 2675 (25.3) | 3206 (22.4) | 5024 (33.4) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 9676 (54.2) | 10 552 (60.6) | 86 878 (60.8) | 7827 (52.0) | <0.001 |
| Good | 6077 (34.0) | 4176 (24.0) | 2402 (16.8) | 2210 (14.7) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB/ARNI | 16 152 (90.5) | 15 336 (88.1) | 11 806 (82.6) | 10 554 (70.1) | <0.001 |
| Beta‐blocker | 16 228 (91.4) | 15 590 (89.9) | 12 181 (85.6) | 11 814 (79.0) | <0.001 |
| MRA | 6921 (39.2) | 5042 (29.2) | 3354 (23.7) | 4007 (26.9) | <0.001 |
| Digoxin | 3103 (17.5) | 2335 (13.5) | 1964 (13.8) | 2358 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic | 14 440 (81.8) | 12 535 (72.6) | 10 080 (71.4) | 12 310 (83.2) | <0.001 |
| Nitrate | 2149 (12.1) | 2637 (15.2) | 2122 (14.9) | 2489 (16.6) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 7596 (42.8) | 6895 (39.8) | 5928 (41.7) | 6456 (43.2) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet | 8027 (45.7) | 8916 (52.2) | 6730 (47.8) | 6096 (41.2) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 8019 (45.2) | 8973 (51.8) | 6926 (48.7) | 5935 (39.6) | <0.001 |
| Device therapy | <0.001 | ||||
| ICD | 604 (3.4) | 430 (2.5) | 178 (1.3) | 84 (0.6) | |
| CRT | 391 (2.2) | 208 (1.2) | 91 (0.7) | 45 (0.3) | |
| CRT‐D | 540 (3.1) | 212 (1.2) | 62 (0.4) | 35 (0.2) |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor‐neprilysin inhibitor; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT‐D, cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LBBB, left bundle branch block; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.