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. 2023 Nov 28;24:300. doi: 10.1186/s12931-023-02606-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — LR-MSCs differentiate into myofibroblasts in response to TGF-β1. A Morphologies of mouse LR-MSCs under a standard light microscope. Scale bar: 200 μm. B Flow cytometric analysis of surface markers (CD44, CD73, CD90, CD34, CD45, CD14 and CD19R) on LR-MSCs. C–E Adipogenic (oil red O staining), osteogenic (alizarin red staining) and chondrogenic (alcian blue staining) differentiation potential of LR-MSCs. F Cartilage nodules formed by LR-MSCs during chondrogenic differentiation. G–I Relative changes in the mRNA and protein levels of the indicated markers related to myofibroblast differentiation (α-SMA, type I collagen, and vimentin) in LR-MSCs at baseline and after TGF-β1 stimulation, as assessed by qRT‒PCR, WB assays and immunofluorescence analysis. β-Actin was used as a reference gene. Scale bars = 20 μm, **P < 0.01