Table 2.
Frequency of maternal mortality causes of study subjects (34 studies)
| First author | Year | Country | N | Maternal mortality causes N (%) | Reference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Pregnancy with abortive outcome | 2. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium | 3. Obstetric hemorrhage | 4. Pregnancy-related infection | 5. Other obstetric complications | 6. Unanticipated complications of management | 7. non-obstetric complications | 8. Unknown/undetermined causes of death | 9. Coincidental causes | |||||
| Halder | 2014 | India | 212 | 14 (6.6) | 26 (12.6) | 25 (11.8) | 27 (12.7) | 3 (1.4) | 4 (1.9) | 102 (48.1) | 4 (1.9) | 7 (3.3) | [30] |
| Owolabi | 2014 | Malawi | 54 | 2 (3.8) | 3 (5.7) | 17 (32.1) | 12 (22.6) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 13 (24.5) | 3 (5.7) | 1 (1.9) | [31] |
| Knight | 2016 | UK | 276 | 4 (1.4) | 10 (3.6) | 14 (5.1) | 16 (5.8) | 43 (15.6) | 3) 1.1) | 163 (59.1) | 0 (0) | 23 (8.3) | [27] |
| Knight | 2016 | UK | 269 | 8 (3) | 9 (3.3) | 11 (4.1) | 13 (4.8) | 44 (16.4) | 4 (1.5) | 154 (57.2) | 0 (0) | 26 (9.7) | [27] |
| Knight | 2016 | UK | 240 | 6 (2.5) | 6 (2.5) | 13 (5.4) | 8 (3.3) | 47 (19.6) | 3 (1.3) | 131 (54.6) | 0 (0) | 26 (10.8) | [27] |
| Mgawadere | 2016 | Malawi | 86 | 12(14) | 10 (1.6) | 29 (33.7) | 12 (14) | 2 (2.3) | 1 (1.2) | 15 (17.4) | 5 (5.8) | 0 (0) | [32] |
| Cim | 2017 | Turkey | 69 | 0 (0) | 18 (45) | 11 (27.5) | 0 (0) | 11 (17.5) | 0 (0) | 17 (24.6) | 0 (0) | 12 | [33] |
| Kodan | 2017 | Suriname | 65 | 2 (3) | 9 (14) | 13 (20) | 6 (9) | 11 (17) | 0 (0) | 21 (32) | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | [17] |
| Aikpitanyi | 2019 | Nigeria | 18 | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 12 (66.6) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | [34] |
| Barzegar | 2019 | Iran | 53 | 3 (5.7) | 7 (13.2) | 12 (22.6) | 0 (0) | 7 (13.2) | 0 (0) | 24 (45.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | [35] |
| Engin-Üstün | 2019 | Turkey | 812 | 0 (0) | 33 (17.2) | 35 (18.2) | 5 (2.6) | 40 (20.9) | 0 (0) | 77 (40.1) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | [28] |
| Engin-Üstün | 2019 | Turkey | 812 | 0 (0) | 38 (17) | 42 (18.8) | 9 (4) | 23 (10.3) | 0 (0) | 107 (47.8) | 5 (2.2) | 0 (0) | [28] |
| Engin-Üstün | 2019 | Turkey | 812 | 0 (0) | 29 (13.6) | 41 (19.2) | 14 (6.6) | 29 (13.6) | 0 (0) | 94 (44.3) | 6 (2.8) | 0 (0) | [28] |
| Engin-Üstün | 2019 | Turkey | 812 | 0 (0) | 26 (14.2) | 28 (151.3) | 4 (2.2) | 19 (10.4) | 0 (0) | 94 (51.5) | 12 (6.6) | 0 (0) | [28] |
| Sheth | 2019 | India | 295 | 7 (2.4) | 55 (18.6) | 71 (241.1) | 20 (6.8) | 14 (4.7) | 6 (2) | 105 (35.6) | 16 (5.4) | 1 (0.3) | [19] |
| Agrawal | 2020 | India | 382 | 17 (4.4) | 46 (11.9) | 42 (11) | 20 (5.6) | 28 (7.2) | 0 (0) | 229 (60) | 0 (0) | - | [36] |
| Kumari | 2020 | India | 131 | 8 (6.1) | 41 (31.2) | 25 (19) | 19 (14.5) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 37 (28.2 ) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | [37] |
| Mohammed | 2020 | Iraq | 206 | 7 (3.4) | 16 (7.8) | 65 (31.6) | 4 (1.9) | 25 (12.1) | 4 (1.9) | 42 (20.4) | 43 (20.9) | - | [38] |
| Said | 2020 | Tanzania | 99 | 7 (7.1) | 16 (16.2) | 38 (38.4) | 8 (8.1) | 11 (11.1) | 6 (6.1) | 11 (11.1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | [39] |
| Sharma | 2020 | India | 42 | - | 9 (21.4) | 5 (11.9) | 7 (16.6) | 0 (0) | 3 (7.1) | 18 (42.9) | 0 (0) | - | [40] |
| Akaba | 2021 | Nigeria | 52 | 4 (7.7) | 19 (36.5) | 16 (30.7) | 9 (17.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | 3(5.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | [41] |
| Aukes | 2021 | India, Pakistan, and Mozambique | 143 | 1 (1) | 23 (16) | 38 (27) | 6 (4) | 16 (11) | 4 (3) | 39 (27) | 16 (11) | 0 (0) | [42] |
| Ekka | 2021 | India | 142 | 4 (2.8) | 51 (35.9) | 37 (26.1) | 21 (14.8) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.4) | 25 (17.6) | - | - | [43] |
| Indarti | 2021 | Indonesia | 22 | 0 (0) | 2 (9.1) | 2 (9.1) | 1 (4.5) | 1 (4.5) | 3 (13.6) | 11 (50) | 0 (0) | 2 (9.1) | [44] |
| Jogi | 2021 | India | 112 | 2 (1.8) | 41 (36.6) | 29 (25.9) | 16 (14.3) | 2 (1.8) | 2 (1.8) | 20 (17.9) | 0 (0) | - | [45] |
| Karimi | 2021 | Iran | 107 | 2 (1.9) | 18 (16.8) | 22 (20.6) | 12 (11.2) | 24 (22.4) | 1(0.9) | 22 (20.6) | 3 (2.8) | 3 (2.8) | [5] |
| Kodan | 2021 | Suriname | 73 | 2 (3) | 7 (10) | 13 (18) | 6 (8) | 13 (18) | 0 (0) | 21 (29) | 3 (4) | 8 (11) | [46] |
| Sarmalkar | 2021 | India | 305 | 15 (4.9) | 42 (13.7) | 45 (14.8) | 11 (3.6) | 9 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 182 (59.7) | 1 (0.3) | - | [47] |
| Aghajani | 2022 | Iran | 80 | 0 (0) | 9 (11.2) | 14 (17.5) | 10 (12.5) | 4 (5) | 2 (2.5) | 41 (51.2) | 0 (0) | - | [48] |
| Kea | 2022 | Ethiopia | 48 | 3 (6) | 10 (21) | 21 (44) | 1 (2) | 8 (17) | 0 (0) | 5 (8) | - | - | [49] |
| Musarandega | 2022 | Zimbabwe | 325 | 30 (9.2) | 34 (10.5) | 64 (19.7) | 33 (10.1) | 14 (4.3) | 5 (1.5) | 113 (34.8) | 19 (5.8) | 13 (4) | [29] |
| Musarandega | 2022 | Zimbabwe | 137 | 24 (17.5) | 25 (18.2) | 34 (24.8) | 7 (5.1) | 12 (8.7) | 1 (0.7) | 29 (21.2) | 3 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) | [29] |
| Nóbrega | 2022 | Guinea-Bissau | 79 | 0 (0) | 10 (12.6) | 35 (44.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (8.9) | 23 (29.1) | 4 (5) | - | [16] |
| Verma | 2022 | India | 135 | 0 (0) | 29 (25.2) | 30 (26) | 18 (15.7) | 5 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 33 (28.7) | 0 (0) | 0 | [7] |