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. 2023 Nov 28;42:322. doi: 10.1186/s13046-023-02888-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — GDNPs reprogrammed TAMs to reduce ARG1 production. a TEM image of GDNPs were purified with differential ultracentrifugation. b The size and concentration of GDNPs were detected by NTA technology. c Heat map analysis of M1-M2 related genes expression from M2-like macrophages treated with or without GDNPs. d Pearson’s correlation analysis of gene expression matrices between samples using M1-M2 markers set derived from M2-like macrophages. Values range from 0 to 1, where a high value indicates high degree of correlation between two sample sets. e q-PCR analysis of Arg1 mRNA expression in M2 macrophages treated with or without GDNPs (10 μg/mL) for 12 h. f Expression of ARG1 in the M2 and M2 + GDNPs are detected by western blotting. g Concentration of ARG1 in the supernatants was analysed by ELISA. h The histogram showed metabolite-enriched KEGG pathways in tumors of wild-type tumor-bearing mice and GDNPs-treated mice. The results represent three independent experiments as the mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA (g) and Student’s t test (e, f) were used to compare results of different experimental groups for statistically significant difference (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)