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. 2023 Nov 28;42:322. doi: 10.1186/s13046-023-02888-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — GDNPs relieved T cell exhaustion by enhancing the effecting function of CD8 Teff. a UMAP embedding showed expression levels of Cd8a of T cells indicated in panel. b UMAP showing the composition of T cells colored by cluster. c Heatmap showed the expression of genes in four modules of cvtotoxicity, chemokine, naive and inhibitory receptor in CD8 + T cells subclusters (naive T, CD8 Teff and CD8 Tex) in G (GDNPs) and V (Vehicle) groups. d, e, f Ucell scores were performed for gene sets with effector characteristics in three CD8 + T cells subclusters. g Heatmap showed transcription factor (Tox, Eomes, Tbx21) expression in T cell subsets in groups G and V. All results represent the mean ± SEM (n = 3). Wilcox (d, e, f) was used to compare results of different experimental groups for statistically significant difference (****P < 0.0001)