Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author(s) | Type of study | Country | Participants | Age | Evaluation of periodontal health |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkan et al. [23] 2020 | Before-after | Turkey | 25 females |
Periodontitis: 49.1(7.9); Health: 45.9(8.3) |
PI, GI, PDD, BOP, GR and CAL |
| Almohamad et al. [24] 2022 | Cross-sectional | USA |
1643 males and 1684 females |
> 30 | CAL and PDD |
| Al-Zahrani et al. [25] 2005 | Cross-sectional | USA |
1245 males and 1276 females |
Periodontitis: 50.3(0.9); Health: 47.4(0.5) |
CAL and PDD |
| Al-Zahrani et al. [26] 2005 | Cross-sectional | USA | 12,110 | > 18 | CAL and PDD |
| Bawadi et al. [27] 2011 | Cross-sectional | Jordan |
168 males and 172 females |
36(14.9) | PI, GI, CAL and PDD |
| Bazyar et al. [28] 2019 | Case control | Iran | 67 males and 136 females |
Case: 51.1(5.7) Control: 50.8(5.4) |
BOP, PI, PDD and CAL |
| Cueto et al. [29] 2005 | Case control | Spanish | 89 males and 60 females |
Case: 62.5(9.9) Control: 58.5(10.2) |
PDD, CAL |
| Han et al. [30] 2010 | Cross-Sectional | Korean | 457 males and 589 females | 42.3(12.2) | CPI |
| Han et al. [31] 2016 | Cross-Sectional | Korean | 16,726 males | Case: 52.08(0.31) Control:40.57(0.26) | CPI |
| Han et al. [32] 2017 | Cross-Sectional | Korean | 14,527 males | Case: 54.1(0.3) Control: 41.8(0.2) | CPI |
| Han et al. [33] 2018 | Cross-Sectional | Korean | 6117 males and 8558 females | > 19 | CPI |
| Han et al. [34] 2019 | Cross-sectional | Korea |
5175 males and 6746 females |
45.9 | CPI |
| Hasan et al. [35] 2021 | Case Cohort | Bangladesh |
175 males and 204 females |
21–60 | CPI |
| Hoppe et al. [36] 2017 | Cross-Sectional | Brazil | 112 males | 34.9(10.3) | PD, AL |
| Hwang et al. [37] 2022 | Cross-sectional | Korea |
5545 males and 7144 females |
> 19 | CPI |
| Iwasaki et al. [38] 2023 | Cross-sectional | Japan |
746 males and 1414 females |
58.1(9.6) | CAL, PDD and GR |
| Kongstad et al. [39] 2017 | Cross-Sectional | Denmark |
1425 males and 2240 females |
53.7(13.7) | CAL, PDD and GR |
| Marruganti et al. [40] 2022 | Cross-sectional | Italy | 99 males and 136 females | 53.9 | clinical attachment level, Probing depth, gingival recession (REC), plaque and Bleeding on Probing |
| Marruganti et al. [41] 2023 | Cross-sectional | USA |
5264 males and 5415 females |
50.8(0.3) | PDD and GR |
| Mendoza-Núñez et al. [42] 2014 | Intervention | Mexico | 71 | 60–74 | PDI |
| Merchant et al. [43] 2003 | Case Cohort | USA | 2123 males | 40–75 | Radiographic bone loss, viewing box and magnifying loupes |
| Munther et al. [44] 2019 | Case Cohort | Iraq | 120 males | 20–25 | Periodontal Disease Index |
| Sakki et al. [45] 1995 | Cross-sectional | Finland |
226 males and 261 females |
55 | PDD |
| Sanders et al. [46] 2009 | Case control | Australia |
310 males and 440 females |
> 18 | PDD and GR |
| Samnieng et al. [47] 2013 | Cross-sectional | Thailand |
158 males and 454 females |
68.8(5.9) | CAL and PDD |
| Schmidt et al. [48] 2022 | Cross-sectional | Germany |
568 males and 590 females |
13.2(2.3) | CPI |
| Oliveira et al. [49] 2015 | Cross-sectional | Brazil | 111 males | 34.8(10.3) | BOP, CAL and PDD |
| Omori et al. [50] 2018 | Intervention | Japan | 71 males | 31–64 | PPD, BOP |
| Wernicke et al. [51] 2021 | RCT | Germany | 37 | > 18 | PPD, BOP and plaque scores |
| Yu et al. [52] 2011 | Cross-Sectional | USA |
1902 males and 1954 females |
71.2(7.7) | CAL and PDD |
CAL: clinical attachment loss; PDD: periodontal probing depth; PI: plaque index; GI: gingival index; BOP: bleeding on probing; GR: gingival recession; CPI: community periodontal index; GCF: gingival crevicular fluid; PDI: Periodontal Disease Index;