Table 3.

Details of exercise in the included studies

Author(s)	Exercise measurement	Type of exercise	Duration time	Frequency	Intensity of exercise
Alkan et al. [23] 2020	Maximal oxygen consumption, handgrip and backleg strength	N/A	12 weeks	One hour per day, 3 days a week	N/A
Almohamad et al. [24] 2022	IPAQ	N/A	N/A	N/A	Moderate or high
Al-Zahrani et al. [25] 2005	Questionnaires on frequency of nine leisure-time physical activities	Walking a mile or more at a time without stopping, jogging or running, bike riding, aerobics exercise, dancing, swimming, calisthenics, garden or yard work and weight lifting	10 years or longer	Moderately intense physical activity per week or three episodes of vigorously intense activity per week	Moderate or vigorous
Al-Zahrani et al. [26] 2005	Questionnaires on frequency of nine leisure-time physical activities	Walking a mile or more at a time without stopping, jogging or running, bike riding, aerobic dancing or exercise, dancing, swimming, calisthenics, garden or yard work, and weight lifting	N/A	≥ 5 episodes of moderate or ≥ 3 episodes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week	Moderate or vigorous
Bawadi et al. [27] 2011	IPAQ	Heavy lifting, digging, aerobics, or fast bicycling	7 days	N/A	Low or high
Bazyar et al. [28] 2019	IPAQ	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cueto et al. [29] 2005	Regular practice of physical exercise	N/A	N/A	Regular	N/A
Han et al. [30] 2010	Physical activity in a week	Walking or exercise	1 week	N/A	N/A
Han et al. [31] 2016	Regular exercisers if they performed walking at least 5 times per week for over 30 min per session	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Han et al. [32] 2017	Regular exercisers if they performed walking at least 5 times per week for over 30 min per session	N/A	N/A	Regular	N/A
Han et al. [33] 2018	Regular exercisers if they performed walking at least 5 times per week for over 30 min per session	Walking	N/A	Five times per week for over 30 min per session	N/A
Han et al. [34] 2019	IPAQ	Walking	1 week	Walking for > 30 min, ≥5times a week	N/A
Hasan et al. [35] 2021	IPAQ	Moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity	7 days	[moderate physical activity + vigorous physical activity × 2] ≥ 150 min in 7 days	Moderate or vigorous
Hoppe et al. [36] 2017	The number of days per week that the individual engaged in physical exercise	Running	Not exceeding 3 months	2 times per week	N/A
Hwang et al. [37] 2022	IPAQ	Moderate-intensity activity and high-intensity activity	N/A	2.5 h or more of moderate-intensity physical activity, 1.25 h of high-intensity physical activity, or a combination of moderate-intensity and high-intensity physical activity per week	Moderate or high
Iwasaki et al. [38] 2023	The number of hours spent engaging in activities with different intensity levels in nonleisure time on a typical day in the last year and the frequency and number of hours spent engaging in activities with different intensity levels during leisure time	Walking slowly, walking quickly, light-to-moderate exercise, and strenuous exercise	1 year	N/A	Light, moderate and strenuous
Kongstad et al. [39] 2017	Leisure time physical activity was dichotomized as less than 4 h a week and ≥ 4 h a week	N/A	1 week	less than 4 h a week and ≥ 4 h a week	N/A
Marruganti et al. [40] 2022	IPAQ	N/A	7 days	N/A	Moderate, vigorous
Marruganti et al. [41] 2023	IPAQ	Moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity	1 week	N/A	Moderate, vigorous
Mendoza-Núñez et al. [42] 2014	Performed Tai Chi 5 days a week for 60-minute sessions	Tai Chi	6 months	5 days a week	N/A
Merchant et al. [43] 2003	h per week on average spent in the last year walking, hiking, jogging, running, bicycling, swimming, playing tennis, squash, or aerobics, and the number of stairs climbed.	Walking (including walking to work), hiking, jogging, running, bicycling, using a stationary bicycle, swimming, playing tennis, squash, or aerobics, and the number of flights of stairs they climbed	N/A	N/A	Light, moderate, strenuous
Munther et al. [44] 2019	Physical exercises were performed for a half-hour to an hour daily either at home or the gym	N/A	N/A	a half-hour to an hour daily	N/A
Sakki et al. [45] 1995	Low if subject used less than 15 min for walking or driving a bike on the way to work and exercised only once or less in a week during leisure time. Otherwise it was rated as high.	Walking or driving a bike	N/A	Physical activity was low if the subject used less than 15 min for walking or driving a bike on the way to work and exercised only once or less in a week during leisure time. Otherwise it was rated as high.	N/A
Sanders et al. [46] 2009	Eight core questions from the Active Australia Survey	Continuous walking for at least 10 min.; vigorous gardening or heavy work around the yard; other vigorous activity; and other more moderate physical activities	N/A	at least five sessions of physical activity per week culminating in at least 2.5 h of activity	Light, moderate, strenuous
Samnieng et al. [47] 2013	The number of desirable health practices.	N/A	N/A	Regular	N/A
Schmidt et al. [48] 2022	Asking the children whether and how often they engage (a) in organized physical and (b) non-organized physical activity	N/A	N/A	at least once a week, less than once a week	N/A
Oliveira et al. [49] 2015	PFT	Push-ups, sit-ups and running for 12 min.	N/A	N/A	N/A
Omori et al. [50] 2018	Resistance training or aerobic training in cycling session for 20 ~ 40 min at 60–85% maximal oxygen consumption	Resistance training or aerobic training in cycling session for 20 ~ 40 min	1 month	N/A	Moderate, vigorous
Wernicke et al. [51] 2021	Strength endurance and endurance	Aerobic exercise, resistance training, combined aerobic and resistance training	26 weeks	twice a week	Light, moderate, strenuous
Yu et al. [52] 2011	Activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living; leisure and social activities, lower extremity mobility, and general physical activities.	Stooping, crouching, kneeling, standing for 2 h, sitting for 2 h, standing up from an armless chair, reaching overhead, grasping and holding small objects, and lifting or carrying 10 pounds	N/A	N/A	Light, moderate, strenuous

IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; PFT: physical fitness test;