Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Nov 28;20:87. doi: 10.1186/s12987-023-00489-2

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 5 — Schematic representation of blood–brain barrier opening in Alzheimer’s disease patient in vivo and patient-derived model in vitro. a Schematic of a magnetic resonance (MR)-guided ExAblate device used in the first successful blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. System consists of a hemispherical helmet lined with > 1000 independent transducer elements delivering low frequency ultrasound treatment to the prescribed target. The helmet is positioned in the specialised MRI bed with stereotaxic frame and the space between patient’s head and the helmet filled with degassed water for acoustic coupling. Microbubble (MB) administration is carried out using repeated bolus injection or a continuous infusion. Reversible BBB opening occurs in the defined ultrasound focal zone. Figure taken from [161]. b fluorescence images of FUS treated at US pressure of 0.84 MPa mouse brains (left side) compared to non-treated (right side), each injected with 500 kDa size dextran’s. Dashed lines indicated boundaries of the hippocampal regions. Figure taken from Chen et al. [142]. c Detection of BBB opening in rat brain, with left hemisphere sonicated at an intracranial pressure amplitude of 1.25 MPa in the presence of microbubbles at a dosage of 0.1 mL/kg and no treatment to the right side. Macroscopic inspection of 2–3 mm thick coronal section (front side of the brain) showed penetration of Evans Blue (molecular weight of 960.8 Da) into the underlying cortex. Figure taken from Alonso et al. [143]