Table 3.
Mechanisms in stimulated BBB opening
| Method | Effect/underlying mechanism | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| PDT |
• RhoA phosphorylation leads decreased VE-cadherin expression • VE-cadherin and ZO-1 orientation shift perpendicular to cell membrane (immature state) • Actin rendering, occludin from insoluble to soluble state |
[80] [76] [82] |
| LITT | • Heat stress TJ proteins, increase in NO, Clauding-5 expression decreases | [157] |
| tDSC |
• Increases convection through TJs • Downregulation of ZO-1 and nitric oxide mediated opening |
[99] [106] |
| L-PEF | • Remodelling of Actin, decrease in VE-cadherin and ZO-1 expression | [115, 123] |
| EP | • F/G-actin ratio decrease, TJ proteins decrease, actin remodelling | [121] |
| FUS |
• Reduced expression of occludin, claudin-5, and ZO1 • Shear stress-dependent CA2+ channels, hyperpolarise cell membrane causing vasodilation • Nitric oxide synthase activation, VE-cadherin shift (immature state) |
[152] |