Table 1.

Frequency distribution of major management practices in the dairy farms (n = 53)

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percentage
Management system	Intensive	48	90.56%
	Semi-intensive	5	9.44%
Breeding methods	AI	48	90.56%
	Natural service	5	9.44%
Floor type	Concrete	45	84.91%
	Soil	8	15.09%
Dam vaccination and prophylaxis	Not practiced	52	98.11%
	Practiced	1	1.89%
Calving pen	Absent	47	88.67%
	Present	6	11.33%
Navel disinfection	Not practiced	52	98.11%
	Practiced	1	1.89%
Colostrum importance	Yes	40	75.47%
	No	13	25.53%
First colostrum feeding time	Within 6 h	38	71.69%
	After 6 h	18	28.31%
Colostrum feeding method	Suckling	26	49.05%
	Bucket/hand feeding	28	50.95%
Calf housing	With dam	37	69.81%
	In separate house	16	30.19%
Bedding material in the calf pen	Absent	19	35.85%
	Present	34	64.15%
Calf pen cleaning Frequency	Regularly	35	66.03%
	Infrequently	18	33.97%
milk feed per day	≤ 3 L	38	71.69%
	> 3 L	15	28.31%
Water provision	Periodic	47	88.67%
	Free access	6	11.33%
Measures to treat sick calf	Calling professional	47	88.68%
	Take to clinic	3	5.66%
	Have employed professional	3	5.66%

^{AI: Artificial insemination, Hr: Hour, L: Liter}