Table 2.

Race Adjusted Association of Social Strain, Depression, and CRP With Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in the Health and Retirement Study (2016–2017).

Variable	Model 1 OR [95% CI]		Model 2 OR [95% CI]		Model 3 OR [95% CI]
	CIND	Dementia	CIND	Dementia	CIND	Dementia
Social strain (friends)	1.57 [1.26, 1.96]***	1.40 [0.93, 2.10]	1.52 [1.22, 1.89]***	1.32 [0.88, 2.00]	1.50 [1.18, 1.91]***	1.57 [1.01, 2.42]*
Race (ref: White]
Black	3.16 [2.45, 4.09]***	3.44 [2.13, 5.53]***	3.14 [2.43, 4.05]***	3.40 [2.11, 5.47]***	2.80 [2.10, 3.73]***	2.69 [1.56, 4.64]***
Other	1.99 [1.27, 3.14]**	3.02 [1.42, 6.42]**	1.96 [1.25, 3.10]**	2.93 [1.38, 6.26]**	1.77 [1.07, 2.94]*	2.83 [1.26, 6.37]*
Age	1.08 [1.06, 1.10]***	1.10 [1.07, 1.13]***	1.08 [1.06, 1.10]***	1.10 [1.07, 1.13]***	1.08 [1.07, 1.10]***	1.11 [1.07, 1.14]***
Gender (ref: female)
Male	1.11 [0.91, 1.36]	1.41 [0.95, 2.09]	1.14 [0.93, 1.40]	1.49 [0.99, 2.21]	1.16 [0.93, 1.44]	1.38 [0.89, 2.13]
Education (ref: HS)
>HS	0.50 [0.40, 0.63]***	0.41 [0.23, 0.71]***	0.50 [0.40, 0.63]***	0.41 [0.23, 0.71]***	0.48 [0.37, 0.61]***	0.28 [0.15, 0.53]***
<HS	2.04 [1.58, 2.64]***	5.05 [3.19, 8.00]***	1.98 [1.53, 2.56]***	4.82 [3.03, 7.66]***	1.97 [1.50, 2.60]***	4.12 [2.54, 6.70]***
Depression
Depressed			1.43 [1.07, 1.92]*	1.67 [1.00, 2.80]*	1.44 [1.05, 1.98]*	1.78 [1.02, 3.09]*
C-reactive protein (CRP)					1.02 [0.10, 1.05]	1.01 [0.97, 1.06]

Note. Other race includes American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, or other race and ethnicity. Model 1: adjusted for social strain + demographics. Model 2: adjusted for social strain + demographics + depression. Model 3: adjusted for social strain + demographics + depression + CRP. CIND =  cognitive impairment without dementia; HS = high school; Non-Hisp.  = non-Hispanic.

^*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.