Table 3.

Ethnicity Adjusted Association of Social Strain, Depression, and CRP With Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in the Health and Retirement Study (2016–2017).

	Model 1 OR [95% CI]		Model 2 OR [95% CI]		Model 3 OR [95% CI]
Variable	CIND	Dementia	CIND	Dementia	CIND	Dementia
Social strain (friends)	1.63 [1.31, 2.02]***	1.41 [0.93, 2.12]	1.57 [1.26, 1.95]***	1.33 [0.88, 2.02]	1.53 [1.21, 1.94]***	1.56 [1.01, 2.42]*
Ethnicity (ref: non-Hisp)
Hispanic	1.21 [0.87, 1.70]	2.04 [1.22, 3.41]**	1.19 [0.85, 1.67]	1.98 [.18, 3.32]**	1.30 [0.80, 1.87]	2.54 [1.47, 4.41]***
Age	1.07 [1.05, 1.08]***	1.09 [1.06, 1.12]***	1.07 [1.05, 1.08]***	1.09 [1.06, 1.12]***	1.07 [1.06, 1.09]***	1.10 [1.07, 1.14]***
Gender (ref: female)
Male	1.07 [0.88, 1.31]	1.37 [0.93, 2.02]	1.11 [0.91, 1.35]	1.45 [0.98, 2.15]	1.13 [0.91, 1.41]	1.37 [0.89, 2.11]
Education (ref: HS)
>HS	0.51 [0.41, 0.64]***	0.42 [0.24, 0.75]**	0.51 [0.41, 0.64]***	0.42 [0.24, 0.73]**	0.47 [0.37, 0.60]***	0.28 [0.15, 0.53]***
<HS	2.19 [1.70, 2.84]***	4.94 [3.08, 7.93]***	2.12 [1.64, 2.75]***	4.72 [2.93, 7.60]***	2.04 [1.54, 2.70]***	3.65 [2.20, 6.04]***
Depression
Depressed			1.48 [1.11, 1.97]**	1.69 [1.01, 2.83]*	1.48 [1.08, 2.02]*	1.76 [1.01, 3.08]*
C-reactive protein (CRP)					1.03 [1.01, 1.06]**	1.02 [0.98, 1.07

Note. Model 1: adjusted for social strain + demographics. Model 2: adjusted for social strain + demographics + depression. Model 3: adjusted for social strain + demographics + depression + CRP. CIND = cognitive impairment without dementia; HS = high school; Non-Hisp.  = non-Hispanic.

^*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.