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. 2023 Nov 14;11:1280532. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1280532

Table 2.

Mean calories (kcal) and 95% confidence intervals of all the selected foods, based on the food groups, including dairy, sugar-sweetened beverages, cakes and biscuits.

Food products Without the label
(n = 100)
TLL
(n = 100)
TLL + brochure
(n = 99)
PACE
(n = 98)a
PACE + brochure
(n = 99)
p-value
All products 918.21
(877.367,959.05)
921.29
(880.16, 962.41)
831.77
(794.23, 869.32)
971.61
(926.37,1016.84)
916.73
(875.19, 958.28)
0.0001
Dairy 508.69
(478.34, 539.03)
493.2
(462.95, 524.44)
475.51
(449.01, 502.01)
531.1
(496.70, 565.49)
505.68
(473.59, 537.77)
0.15
Sugar-Sweetened beverages 109.65
(94.02, 125.27)
118.63
(104.13, 133.12)
99.96
(82.83, 117.10)
112.55
(96.90, 128.19)
108.13
(92.41, 123.85)
0.57
Cakes and biscuits 299.87
(277.01, 322.72)
309.46
(284.27, 334.64)
256.29 (10.91)
(234.84, 277.74)
327.95
(300.01, 355.90)
302.91
(276.03, 329.80)
0.002

The mean calories of all food products were significantly fewer in TLL + brochure than in the other groups (without label, TLL, PACE, PACE + brochure). For the food groups, the calories of cakes and biscuits were significantly fewer in the TLL + brochure compared to the other groups. No significant relationship was found between the groups for other food groups. The reported values are means (standard deviations). P value was obtained using the ANOVA method. aPACE: physical activity calorie equivalent; TLL: traffic light label.