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. 2023 Nov 28;2(11):pgad361. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad361

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6.

Primary NMC811 battery production GHG emissions compared to GHG emissions from secondary materials, cathode production, and battery assembly from pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling technologies using electricity grid from Europe's average, China, United States, Germany, and United Kingdom, under the EU battery recycling scenario. Mix means the mix of countries containing the global-average GHG emissions assessed in previous sections.