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. 2023 Nov 28;2(11):pgad361. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad361

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 8. — System boundary flowchart for battery chemistries and future scenarios to 2050. BEV, battery electric vehicle; Li₂CO₃, lithium carbonate; LiOH, lithium hydroxide; NiSO₄, nickel sulfate; MnSO₄, manganese sulfate; CoSO₄, cobalt sulfate; H₃PO₄, phosphoric acid; NMC, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide; NCA, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide; LFP, lithium iron phosphate; NCX, nickel cobalt (X denotes either Al or Mn—NCA or NMC).