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. 2023 Mar 1;601(7):1207–1224. doi: 10.1113/JP284270

Figure 1. Glucose and glycogen metabolism for anaplerosis.

Figure 1

Numbers refer to the enzymes catalysing the specific reactions. 3‐Carbon (3C) units are required for anaplerosis; 2‐carbon (2C) units are cataplerotic. Pyruvate (3C), derived from glucose or glycogen, can be decarboxylated to acetyl‐CoA (2C) by PDH (1), or carboxylated to oxaloacetate (4C) by pyruvate carboxylase (2) and converted to malate (4C) by malic enzyme (3). AcAc, acetoacetate; AcAc‐CoA, acetoacetyl‐CoA; α‐KG, α‐ketoglutarate (2‐oxoglutarate); CoA, coenzyme A; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; OAA, oxaloacetate.