Table 1.
Number of included RCTs by comparison and outcome
| Outcome | Follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immediate (2 weeks) |
Short (3 months) |
Intermediate (6 months) | Long (12 months) |
Extra-long (> 12 months) | |
| TENS versus sham | |||||
| Pain | 10a | 2 | - | - | - |
| Function | 4 | 2 | - | - | - |
| HRQoL | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Fear avoidance | - | - | - | - | - |
| Catastrophizing | - | - | - | - | - |
| Depression | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Anxiety | - | - | - | - | - |
| Self-efficacy | - | - | - | - | - |
| Social participation | - | - | - | - | - |
| Medication use | - | - | - | - | - |
| Falls | - | - | - | - | - |
| Harms | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| TENS versus no intervention or interventions where effects of TENS were isolated | |||||
| Pain | 8 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Function | 6 | 2 | - | - | - |
| HRQoL | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Fear avoidance | - | - | - | - | - |
| Catastrophizing | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Depression | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Anxiety | - | - | - | - | - |
| Self-efficacy | - | - | - | - | - |
| Social participation | - | - | - | - | - |
| Medication use | - | - | - | - | - |
| Falls | - | - | - | - | - |
| Harms | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| TENS versus usual care | |||||
| All outcomes | - | - | - | - | - |
HRQoL: health-related quality of life.
a2 RCTs included older adults (aged ≥ 60 years)