Table 3.
Associations of comorbid disorders, treatment access, and area deprivation with mortality among matched samplesa of American Indian/Alaska Native and Non-Hispanic White adult inpatients from the CEC-UW COVID-19 cohort.
| Patient Characteristic | Unadjusted associations | Adjusted associationsb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | B-H? | |
| Group | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White (ref) | – | – | – | – | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 1.98 | 1.48, 2.65 | 1.59 | 1.15, 2.22 | Yes |
| Sex (matching variable) | |||||
| Age (matching variable) | |||||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoker (ref) | – | – | – | –- | |
| Former smoker | 1.26 | 0.96, 1.65 | 0.94 | 0.70, 1.26 | No |
| Current smoker | 0.51 | 0.29, 0.92 | 0.47 | 0.25, 0.88 | No |
| Missing | 1.37 | 0.76, 2.47 | 1.69 | 0.90, 3.19 | No |
| Current comorbidities | |||||
| Obesity | 1.51 | 1.15, 1.98 | 1.36 | 1.01, 1.84 | No |
| Diabetes (Type 2) | 1.75 | 1.34, 2.28 | 0.89 | 0.66, 1.20 | No |
| Chronic renal failure | 2.38 | 1.80, 3.15 | 1.70 | 1.24, 2.32 | Yes |
| Liver disease | 2.77 | 1.93, 3.99 | 2.64 | 1.74, 4.01 | Yes |
| Heart disease | 4.52 | 3.20, 6.38 | 3.47 | 2.38, 5.06 | Yes |
| Cancer | 1.88 | 1.27, 2.79 | 1.69 | 1.11, 2.59 | No |
| Alcohol use disorder | 0.77 | 0.39, 1.53 | 0.76 | 0.35, 1.63 | No |
| Drug use disorder | 0.70 | 0.34, 1.45 | 1.23 | 0.55, 2.75 | No |
| Insurance type | |||||
| Commercial (ref) | – | – | – | – | |
| Medicare | 3.42 | 2.45, 4.77 | 2.52 | 1.73, 3.66 | Yes |
| Medicaid | 1.05 | 0.58, 1.91 | 0.94 | 0.49, 1.81 | No |
| Uninsured | 1.40 | 0.49, 4.03 | 1.63 | 0.54, 4.91 | No |
| Other | 2.07 | 1.13, 3.81 | 2.11 | 1.11, 4.01 | No |
| Received antiviral medication | |||||
| No (ref) | – | – | – | – | |
| Yes | 1.91 | 1.46, 2.50 | 1.65 | 1.24, 2.19 | Yes |
| Distance to treatment | |||||
| < 60 miles (ref) | – | – | – | – | |
| ≥ 60 miles | 1.67 | 1.18, 2.37 | 1.17 | 0.76, 1.79 | No |
| Region (matching variable) | |||||
| Urbanicity | |||||
| Urban (ref) | – | – | – | – | |
| Rural | 1.66 | 1.10, 2.52 | 1.20 | 0.74, 1.96 | No |
| Area social deprivation quintile | |||||
| Lowest 20% (ref) | – | – | – | – | |
| 20–40% | 1.20 | 0.74, 1.94 | 0.98 | 0.59, 1.63 | No |
| 40–60% | 1.11 | 0.69, 1.77 | 0.99 | 0.61, 1.62 | No |
| 60–80% | 1.36 | 0.86, 2.14 | 1.17 | 0.73, 1.89 | No |
| Highest 20% | 1.80 | 1.19, 2.74 | 1.53 | 0.97, 2.40 | No |
| Year (matching variable) | |||||
| Fully vaccinated | |||||
| No (ref) | – | – | – | – | |
| Yes | 0.71 | 0.46, 1.09 | 0.61 | 0.39, 0.97 | No |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, B-H? did the p value survive Benjamini & Hochberg (1995) test for multiple comparisons. Italic rows indicate variables on which groups were matched.
aMatch 1 sample used for all analyses.
bAdjusted analyses estimate the effect of each characteristic after adjusting for the influence of every other characteristic.