Fig. 17.

Top inset: The band-pass filtered (3 dB at 4 mHz and 10 mHz cutoff frequencies) total magnetic field (from 13:28 – 14:01 UTC). Magnified magnetic field data (black dots), same as the inset, obtained by the 4 s. resolution EMFISIS-B instrument. The red line is the fitted function using the Least Absolute Residual (LAR) robust nonlinear squares method, and assuming predicted growth rate, $\gamma$. The green crosses represent the outliers. The x-label represents the time elapsed since 13:28 UTC. The goodness of fit gives an r-square of 0.79, meaning that the parameters ($\gamma$, $T$, $c$) obtained can explain about 79% of the variance in the measured wave data (excluding the outliers, here identified as higher frequency components) (from Soto-Chavez et al. 2019)