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. 2023 Nov 15;68:1605798. doi: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605798

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Copyright © 2023 Börnhorst, Ahrens, De Henauw, Hunsberger, Molnár, Moreno, Russo, Schreuder, Sina, Tornaritis, Vandevijvere, Veidebaum, Vrijkotte, Wijnant and Wolters.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mean BMI trajectories comparing children with vs. without family history of obesity [panel (A) in males, panel (B) in females] and BMI trajectories comparing children that sleep 8 vs. 10 h/night [panel (C) in males; panel (D) in females] stratified by educational level of parents (low/medium vs. high ISCED level). The numbers represent the marginal means estimated based on the confounder-adjusted fractional polynomial mixed effects models, i.e., the mean values at fixed exposure levels were standardized over covariates (IDEFICS/I.Family study, eight European countries, 2007–2014).