Table 1.
Selected animal studies
| Author/date | Study design | Treatment | Clinical outcome | Physiological outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lu et al. 2004 [53, 54, 60, 61] | CCI rats | Atorvastatin × 7–15 days | Improved Corner scores, mNS scores, improved spatial memory | Increased neurogenesis, increased angiogenesis, reduced intracranial hematoma volume, decreased vessel thrombosis |
| Chen et al. 2007 [48] | CCI rats | Lovastatin × 5 days prior to injury | Improved rotarod and adhesive removal tests |
Decreased contusion volume and degenerating neurons Decreased TNF-α, IL-1β |
| Lu et al. 2007 [55] | CCI rats | Atorvastatin and simvastatin × 14 days | Improved spatial learning | Reduced neuronal loss and increased neurogenesis in hippocampus |
| Wang et al. 2007 [49] | CCI mice | Atorvastatin or Simvastatin × 14 prior to injury and 3 days after | Improved rotarod | Reduced neuronal loss, decreased CNS inflammation, improved cerebral hemodynamics |
| Mahmood et al. 2009 [58] | CCI rats | Simvastatin × 14 days | Improved motor function up to 90 days | Increased proliferation in lesional zone |
| Wu et al. 2011 [50] | CCI rats | Simvastatin × 14 days | Decreased falls | Increased angiogenesis |
| Wu et al. 2012 [36] | CCI rats | Simvastatin × 14 days | Improved mNS scores | Decreased axonal injury, increased neurite growth, via mTOR and APC pathways |
| Abrahamson et al. 2013 [62] | CCI Human Amyloid-β mice | Simvastatin × 3 weeks | Decreased Amyloid-β, brain tissues loss, improved blood flow | |
| Darwish et al. 2014 [56] | CCI rats | Simvastatin × 14 days | Decreased memory deficits | |
| Wang et al. 2014 [51] | CCI rats | Simvastatin × 7 days | Improved grip strength | Decreased cerebral vascular endothelial inflammation |
| Xie et al. 2015 [57] | CCI rats | Simvastatin × 35 days | Decreased mNS scores | Increased neurogenesis via Notch-1 |
| Mountney et al. 2016 [59] | PBBI rats | Simvastatin × 10 days | No benefit on rotarod, improved water maze test | Decreased GFAP, IL-1α, I1-17 |
| Mountney et al. 2016 [47] | FPI, CCI, and PBBI rats | Simvastatin × 14 days | Mild benefit on grid walk, balance beam, and rotarod, worsened water maze | Worse cortical loss in FPI model |
| Xu et al. 2017 [52] | CCI mice | Atorvastatin × 3 days | Improved mNS, latency to falls | Decreased neuronal apoptosis, WBC invasion, IFN-γ, IL-6, chemokines |
CCI controlled cortical impact, mNS modified neurological severity, WBC white blood cells, FPI fluid percussion injury, PBBI penetrating ballistic-like brain injury