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. 2023 Nov 15;14:1277984. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1277984

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Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Tang, Tong, Wang and Li

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of research design and analysis strategy. Overview of the research design. Exposures come from SUA, with outcomes including DN. The MR framework is based on three fundamental MR assumptions, with MVMR analyses adjusting for ten mediating factors for positive results. MVMR, multivariate Mendelian randomization; UVMR, Univariate Mendelian randomization; BMI, body mass index; EA, education attainment; DN, diabetic neuropathy; SUA, Serum urate acid; HbA1c, Glycated Hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C, Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; HDL-C, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; IR, insulin resistance.