Table 3. Summary of obesity determinants identified in relevant articles for New Zealand and Hawai’i (n=20).
| Author (year) | Study design
(study year) |
Population | Obesity determinants identified | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hawai'i | 1 |
Brown
et al. (2011) 51 |
Cross sectional | 125 children: 59 in
Kindergarten (mean age 5.6 years old) and 66 in third grade (mean age 8,7 years old) |
Ethnic disparity in adiposity occurs after the age of 6 years
and is confined to males in this study. For older girls, their father's educational attainment was inversely related to adiposity. |
| 2 |
Teranishi
et al.
(2011) 52 |
Cross-sectional
(2007) |
874 children 10–17 years
of age |
Poorer overall health status, gender, race and parental
education were significantly associated with overweight/ obesity. |
|
| 3 |
Novotny
et al.
(2013) 53 |
Cross-sectional
(2010) |
5–8 years old | Samoan, native Hawaiian, Filipino and mixed ethnic
ancestries had higher levels of overweight & obesity than white or Asian population. Higher neighborhood education level was associated with lower BMI. Younger maternal age and lower maternal education were associated with child overweight and obesity. |
|
| 4 |
Braden and
Nigg (2016) 54 |
Narrative
review (2000–2015) |
Children from birth to 18
years old |
Early life and contextual factors (infant-feeding mode,
geographic location and education) |
|
| 5 |
Brown
et al.
(2018) 55 |
Cross-sectional | 105 children: 49 in
kindergarten (mean age 5.5 years old) and 56 in third grade (mean age 8.6 years old) |
In the older cohort, high physical activity levels were
significantly related to lower BMI, waist circumference and bodyfat percentage. Inactivity was positively correlated with bodyfat percentage. |
|
| 6 |
Mosley
et al.
(2018) 56 |
Longitudinal
(2001–2003) |
148 adolescent girls aged
9–14 years old |
Results revealed changes in dietary patterns over time and
an association between intake and BMI |
|
| 7 |
Banna
et al.
(2018) 57 |
Cross-sectional
(2015) |
84 adolescent girls aged
9–13 years old |
There were correlations between cognitive restraint,
uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and BMI. |
|
| New Zealand | 8 |
Utter
et al.
(2005) 58 |
Cross-sectional
(2002) |
3275 children aged 5 to 14
years old |
Children and adolescents who watched the most TV were
significantly more likely to be higher consumers of foods most commonly advertised on TV: soft drinks and fruit drinks, some sweets and snacks, and some fast food. |
| 9 |
Duncan
et al.
(2006) 59 |
Cross-sectional | 1115 children aged 5 to 12
years old |
There was a link between daily steps and body fatness in
children. |
|
| 10 |
Utter
et al.
(2007) 60 |
Cross-sectional
(2002) |
3275 children aged 5 to 14
years old |
Skipping breakfast was associated with a higher BMI.
Children who missed breakfast were significantly less likely to meet recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption and more likely to be frequent consumers of unhealthy snack foods. |
|
| 11 |
Goulding
et al.
(2007) 11 |
Cross-sectional
(2002) |
3049 children aged 5 to 14
years old |
Ethnic differences in prevalence of extreme obesity:
extreme obesity affects 1 in 10 Pacific islander children, 1 in 20 Maori children, versus 1 in 100 New Zealand, European and other. |
|
| 12 |
Duncan
et al.
(2007) 61 |
Cross-sectional | 1229 children aged 5 to 11
years old |
Three lifestyle risk factors related to fat status identified:
low physical activity, skipping breakfast and insufficient sleep during weekdays. |
|
| 13 |
Rush
et al.
(2010) 62 |
Longitudinal
(2000 – 2006) |
722 children from birth to 6
years old |
Positive correlation between birth weight and weight at six
years. |
|
| 14 |
Hodgkin
et al.
(2010) 63 |
Cross-sectional
(2002) |
3275 children aged 5 to 15
years old |
Rural children had a significantly lower BMI, smaller waist
circumferences and thinner skinfold measurements than urban children. |
|
| 15 |
Oliver
et al.
(2011) 64 |
Cross-sectional
(2006–2007) |
102 children aged 6 years
old and their mothers |
Watching television every day and having a mother with a
high waist circumference were associated with increased body fat z-score. |
|
| 16 |
Carter
et al.
(2011) 65 |
Longitudinal
(2001–2009) |
244 children from birth to 7
years old |
Young children who do not get enough sleep are at
increased risk of becoming overweight. Maternal BMI, ethnicity, smoking during pregnancy, and the intake of non-core foods were all positively associated with BMI. |
|
| 17 |
Williams
et al.
(2012) 66 |
Comparison of
2 cohorts born 29 years apart |
974 participants in cohort
1 (born in 1972–1973) and 241 participants in cohort 2 (born in 2001–2002). |
Societal factors such as higher maternal BMI and smoking
in pregnancy contribute most to the secular increase in BMI. |
|
| 18 |
Oliver
et al.
(2013) 67 |
Cross-sectional
(2006) |
393 children aged 6 years
old and their mothers (386) |
Watching TV every day and having mother with a high
waist circumference is associated with a greater waist circumference |
|
| 19 |
Landhuis
et al.
(2014) 68 |
Longitudinal
(1972–2005) |
1037 participants (from
birth to 32 years old) |
Sleep restriction in childhood increases the long-term risk
for obesity. |
|
| 20 |
Tseng
et al.
(2015) 69 |
Longitudinal
(2000 – 2011) |
1249 children from birth to
11 years old |
Changes in maternal acculturation can influence
children's growth, suggesting the importance of lifestyle or behavioral factors related to a mother’s cultural orientation. |