. 2023 Nov 10;9(11):e22169. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22169

Table 2.

Corrosion studies of alloy in supercritical CO₂ with impurities or stress.

Reference	Materials	Temperature, Pressure and Duration	Impurity or Stress	Notes
Huenert et al. 2011 [70]	13CrMo44, T24, X20CrMoV12-1, Alloy B, DMV 310 N, T92	0.1 MPa /3 MPa 500–700 °C 250 h, 1000 h	30%H₂O, 69%CO₂, 1%O₂/30%H₂O, 70%CO₂	The increase of pressure of corrosive gases speed up the carburization kinetics and oxidation kinetics.
Mahaffey et al. 2014 [71]	SS347, 800H, AFA	2900 psi 550 °C, 650 °C 1000 h	99.999%CO₂/99.95%CO₂	Research-grade CO₂ has greater weight gain compared to industrial-grade CO₂.
Nguyen et al. 2015 [72]	Model alloys, Fe–9Cr, Fe–20Cr, Fe–20Cr–20Ni with 0.1 % Ce or 2 % Mn	0.1 MPa 650 °C 1000 h	Ar–20%CO₂/Ar–20%CO₂–20%H₂O	Water vapor significantly reduces the oxygen absorption rate and chromia scaling rate of Fe–20Cr–20Ni.
Nguyen et al. 2015 [73]	Fe–20Cr Fe–20Cr–20Ni With Si (0.1,0.2,0.5 wt%)	0.1 MPa 818 °C 240 h	Ar–20%CO₂- 20%H₂O	Fe–20Cr alloy fails to form protective Cr₂O₃ scale in wet CO₂.
Mahaffey et al. 2016 [74]	Haynes230	20 MPa 650 °C, 750 °C 1000 h	10 ppm O₂/ 100ppmO₂	Oxygen impurities significantly enhanced oxidative corrosion of the material and oxide exfoliation was observed.
Mahaffey et al. 2018 [75]	Alloy 625	20 MPa 750 °C 1000 h	Research-grade RG+100ppmO₂/RG+1pctCO	Both O₂ and CO impurities increase the weight gain of alloy.
Pint et al. 2018 [76]	Alloy 625	0.1 MPa, 30 MPa 750 °C 5000 h	CO₂(0.1 MPa,30 MPa)/ Air (0.1 MPa)	The oxide scale formed in Alloy 625 in s-CO₂ at 30 MPa is thicker and the grain size of Cr₂O₃ is smaller than in air.
Olivares et al. 2018 [77]	Alloy 282, Alloy 230^b, HR160, HR120, Alloy 188^a	20 MPa,1 atm 700–1000 °C 1000 h	CO₂(20 MPa), Air (1 atm)	Several high-nickel chromia-forming alloys behaved protectively in CO₂ and air, forming scales containing principally a layer of Cr₂O₃.
Oleksak et al. 2018 [78]	Grade 22, Grade 91, 347H, 310 S, Alloy 282, Alloy 740H, Alloy 617, Alloy 625, Alloy 230	0.1/20 MPa 550–750 °C 1500–2500 h	CO₂/95%CO₂, 4%H₂O,1%O2/95%CO₂, 4%H₂O,1%O2, 0.1%SO2/Air/	Effect of pressure on oxidation is small. The addition of SO₂ significantly enhanced the rate for austenitic Fe alloys.
Oleksak et al. 2019 [79]	Alloy 625, Alloy 600, Alloy 745, Alloy 230, Alloy 263, Alloy 282	0.1 MPa, 750 °C 2500 h	95%CO₂–4%H₂O–1%O₂	Several nickel alloys form protective oxide layers under the set impurity conditions.
Pint et al. 2019 [80]	304H, 25SS, 310HCbN, Alloy 625, 230, 617 B, 282 (heat 1,2), Super Alloy 247	30 MPa, 750 °C 2500 h	Research grade CO₂/Industrial grade CO₂/ CO₂+1%O₂+ 0.25%H₂O	For alloys in impurity-containing environment, the increase in pressure results in a thicker reaction product.
Gui et al. 2019 [81]	T91	15 MPa 600°C–650 °C 1000 h	Stress	Stress increases the corrosion rate of T91.
Lehmusto et al. 2020 [82]	Alloy 316, Alloy 120, Alloy 625, Alloy 740,	20 MPa 700 °C 1500 h	Air (not quantitative)	Corrosion is exacerbated by the entry of impurity air, especially 316 and 120.
Xie et al. 2020 [83]	Model alloys Ni-(20, 30) Cr with (0,1,5,15 %) Fe	0.1 MPa 800 °C 500 h	Ar–20%CO₂- 20%H₂O	Corrosion in wet CO₂ avoids scale peeling.
Oleksak et al. 2020 [84]	304H, 347H, 310 S, E-Brite Grade 22 Grade91	0.1 MPa 550 °C 2500 h	95%CO₂,4 % H₂O, 1 % O₂, (0.1%SO₂)	The addition of SO₂ has little effect on low-chromium steels, but enhances the corrosion of high-chromium steels.
Kim et al. 2020 [85]	Ni–16Cr–9Fe	0.1/20 MPa 650 °C 700 h	Stress Air/CO₂/ S–CO₂	Creep rupture life of alloys in S–CO₂ is shorter compared to air and CO₂ environments.
Akanda et al. 2020 [86]	P91	0.1 MPa 650 °C 1000 h	Stress thickness: 0.5 mm, 2.54 mm	Alloy thickness has a large effect on mechanical properties, the mechanical properties of thinner P91 are severely degraded by exposure.
Li et al. 2021 [87]	SS310 Alloy 740	30 MPa 600 °C 1000 h	100 ppm H₂O /100 ppm O₂	Addition of H₂O impurity significantly enhanced the oxidation, while the presence of O₂ led to the opposite trend
Rozman et al. 2021 [88]	MARBN-type9Cr	0.1 MPa 650 °C	Stress Air/CO₂	Carbides forming beneath growing oxides promote environmentally-assisted cracking, accelerating failure in CO₂.
Pei et al. 2021 [89]	Nickel-based single crystal superalloy	0.1 MPa 1000 °C, 105 °C 600 h	Stress: 40 MPa, 60 MPa, 120 MPa	The external tensile stress did not change the layered structure of the alloy oxide layer, but increased the oxidation rate of the alloy.