Table 1.
A different source of macrophage to CAR M production. The macrophage cells have various sources for utilization in CAR M production, so this can improve their off-the-shelf potential
| Source | Properties | Benefits | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macrophage cell line | THP-1 cell line |
1. Have a homogenous genetic background 2. Not seen LPS-induced tolerance 3. Lower secretion of IL-8 and without production of IL-6 and 10 |
1. Cannot stay in the previous morphology 2. Low feasibility in the clinic |
[135] |
| Human macrophages from PBMCs | Peripheral blood was collected, and macrophage cells were isolated by apheresis |
1. Can stay in the previous morphology 2. More inflammatory properties due to expression surface markers 3. potent anti-tumor efficacy |
1. Seen LPS-induced tolerance 2. Low potential for cell- engineering 3. High heterogeneity after gene-editing 4. Limited cell resources for particular malignancies 5. Donor dependent 6. High risk for GVHD outbreak |
[135, 142] |
| HPSCs | The hPSCs can be collected from bone marrow, cord blood, peripheral blood after G-CSF mobilization, and an extensive bank of HLA-typed donors |
1. High polarization ability to convert M1 and M2 phenotypes 2. Unlimited expansion in the cultural environment 3. Subjected to multiplex editing approach |
1. In peripheral blood collection, it can affect previous treatments 2. Complicated manufacturing process |
[121, 143] |
| iPSCs | Collecting the patient's blood cells and differentiating into various cell types |
1. High polarization ability in M1 cell phenotypes 2. High potential of cytokine secretion in an antigen-dependent manner 3. High phagocytosis function 4. High flexibility in the expansion and genome editing |
1. Production of some pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 and possibility the creation adverse effect 2. Complicated manufacturing process |
[142, 144] |
Abbreviations: THP-1 Human myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells, PBMCs Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, HPSCs Primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell, iPSCs Induced pluripotent stem cell, G-CSF Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, LPS Lipopolysaccharide