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. 2023 Nov 29;11:267. doi: 10.1186/s40168-023-01700-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Overview of the vertical transmission of the gut microbiota among wild-caught and laboratory-bred individuals among gastropod lineages. a Overview of vertical shifts of gut microbes in gastropods. b Percentage of OTUs transmitted to offspring snails. For example, the left frame shows that 37.7% of total OTUs from wild snails can be transmitted to the F1 generation population. c–d The number and proportion of OTUs are shared or unique to sample types, compared with cultured BSlab snails. e Percentage of OTUs among populations that can be traced to maternal snails. f–g The number and proportion of OTUs are shared or unique to sample types, compared with wild-caught snails. h Percentage of OTUs shared with wild snails. i Sankey diagram showing the core microbes among populations. j Ridgeline chart showing the distribution shifts among the top gut microbes in gastropods over generations. Cultured snails refer to the laboratory snails cultured under laboratory conditions