Fig. 5.

Shifts of gut microbiota are associated with metabolism over generations in gastropods. a–b PCoA on gut microbiota. c Shannon index of gut microbiota. d OTUs analysis of gut microbiota. e Gut microbiota showing at the genus level. f Differential gut bacterial taxa analyzed by LEfSe analysis with LDA score > 4 between groups. g PCoA on metabolism composition of gut microbiota among groups. h Relative abundance at metabolism levels in gut microbiota among groups is observed using FAPROTAX. i A heatmap of the relationship between metabolic functions and evolutionary process of gut microbiota enriched in gastropod populations. Cultured snails refer to the laboratory snails cultured under laboratory conditions