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. 2023 Nov 29;20:46. doi: 10.1186/s12989-023-00557-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Effects of PS-NPs exposure on heart function and structure. (A): Representative M-mode echocardiograms. Yellow line with diamond arrow represented IVS; d. Yellow line with triangle arrow represented IVS; s. Blue line with diamond arrow represented LVID; d. Blue line with triangle arrow represented LVID; s. Red line with diamond arrow represented LVPW; d. Red line with triangle arrow represented LVPW; s The mean changes in EF (B), FS (C), LVDd (D) and LVDs (E) were displayed. (F–G): HE staining and Masson staining (100 × and 200 ×) of heart tissues. (H–I): Quantification of injury area and fibrosis levels. (J): Subcellular structure of the myocardium by TEM. Green arrow: fractured myofilaments. Yellow arrow: damaged mitochondria. Bar graphs indicate the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05. IVS; d: Interventricular septal thickness at diastole; IVS; s: Interventricular septal thickness at systole; LVID; d (LVDd for short): Left ventricular cavity diameter at diastole; LVID; s (LVDs for short): Left ventricular cavity diameter at systole; LVPW; d: Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastolic; LVPW; s: Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-systolic. EF: ejection fraction; FS: fractional shortening. Bar graphs indicate the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05