Table 3.
Drugs and self-discharge from the emergency department during acute recreational drug toxicity
|
Total n (%) |
Self-discharge n (%) |
Crude OR | 95% CI | P value | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heroin | 3615 (23.9) | 599 (16.6) | 1.70 | 1.53–1.89 | < 0.001 | 1.44 | 1.26–1.64 | < 0.001 |
| Synthetic cannabinoids | 440 (2.9) | 73 (16.6) | 1.49 | 1.15–1.92 | 0.002 | 1.44 | 1.10–1.89 | 0.008 |
| Buprenorphine | 135 (0.9) | 21 (15.6) | 1.36 | 0.85–2.18 | 0.20 | 1.25 | 0.78–2.01 | 0.35 |
| Cathinonesa | 148 (1.0) | 17 (11.5) | 0.96 | 0.58–1.59 | 0.86 | 1.19 | 0.71–1.99 | 0.51 |
| Z-drugs | 94 (0.6) | 13 (13.8) | 1.19 | 0.66–2.13 | 0.57 | 1.19 | 0.65–2.15 | 0.58 |
| Ketamine | 284 (1.9) | 33 (11.6) | 0.97 | 0.67–1.40 | 0.87 | 1.14 | 0.79–1.66 | 0.48 |
| Benzodiazepines | 2377 (15.7) | 346 (14.6) | 1.32 | 1.16–1.50 | < 0.001 | 1.13 | 0.99–1.30 | 0.065 |
| MDMA | 1189 (7.9) | 132 (11.1) | 0.92 | 0.76–1.10 | 0.35 | 1.00 | 0.82–1.22 | 0.99 |
| Ethanolb | 6246 (41.3) | 683 (10.9) | 0.85 | 0.77–0.94 | 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.84–1.05 | 0.25 |
| Amphetamine | 1991 (13.2) | 241 (12.1) | 1.02 | 0.88–1.18 | 0.81 | 0.92 | 0.79–1.07 | 0.28 |
| Opioidsc | 752 (5.0) | 84 (11.2) | 0.92 | 0.73–1.17 | 0.51 | 0.88 | 0.69–1.13 | 0.32 |
| Methadone | 436 (2.9) | 48 (11.0) | 0.91 | 0.67–1.23 | 0.54 | 0.82 | 0.61–1.12 | 0.22 |
| NPSd | 116 (0.8) | 11 (9.5) | 0.77 | 0.41–1.44 | 0.41 | 0.81 | 0.43–1.53 | 0.52 |
| Cocaine | 2440 (16.1) | 243 (10.0) | 0.79 | 0.68–0.91 | 0.001 | 0.80 | 0.68–0.93 | 0.004 |
| Cannabis | 2362 (15.6) | 233 (9.9) | 0.78 | 0.67–0.90 | 0.001 | 0.79 | 0.67–0.92 | 0.003 |
| LSD | 198 (1.3) | 18 (9.1) | 0.74 | 0.45–1.20 | 0.22 | 0.77 | 0.47–1.25 | 0.29 |
| GHB | 2764 (18.3) | 246 (8.9) | 0.68 | 0.59–0.78 | < 0.001 | 0.76 | 0.64–0.89 | 0.001 |
| Crack | 373 (2.5) | 38 (10.2) | 0.83 | 0.59–1.17 | 0.29 | 0.66 | 0.47–0.93 | 0.019 |
| Methamphetamine | 861 (5.7) | 61 (7.1) | 0.55 | 0.42–0.71 | < 0.001 | 0.65 | 0.49–0.85 | 0.002 |
| Pregabalin | 99 (0.7) | 7 (7.1) | 0.56 | 0.26–1.21 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 0.22–1.04 | 0.064 |
| Mephedrone | 404 (2.7) | 17 (4.2) | 0.32 | 0.20–0.52 | < 0.001 | 0.41 | 0.25–0.67 | < 0.001 |
| Other | 700 (4.6) | 66 (9.4) | 0.76 | 0.59–0.98 | 0.036 | 0.82 | 0.63–1.07 | 0.14 |
| Unknown | 898 (5.9) | 105 (11.7) | 0.98 | 0.79–1.20 | 0.81 | 0.94 | 0.75–1.18 | 0.56 |
| Total | 15,135 (100) | 1807 (11.9) |
Logistic regression analysis. Numbers and percentages in the columns add up to more than the totals, as more than one toxic agent was taken in 9796/15135 (64.7%) cases
All drugs were included in the multivariate analysis. Reference groups are cases not involving the specified drug
Odds ratios are adjusted for the variables in the table. Adjusted odds ratios for associations with p < 0.05 are given in bold types
CI Confidence interval, GHB Gammahydroxybutyrate, LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide, MDMA Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, NPS Novel psychoactive substances, OR Odds ratio
aCathinones other than mephedrone
bIsolated alcohol intoxications not included
cUnspecified opioids and opioids other than heroin, methadone, and buprenorphine
dUnspecified NPS and NPS other than cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids