Fig. 3.

Overview of signaling networks contribute to EMT process and metastatic traits. Activation of Notch, Wnt, tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) pathways result in the activation of EMT-associated transcription factors (e.g., Snail, Slug, and Twist), that ultimately induce EMT process. As a result of EMT, tumor cells acquire stem cell-like features such as resistance against senescence, immunosuppressive mechanism, chemotherapeutic agents and endocrine therapy in the metastatic cascade (illustration created by biorender.com). This figure adapted from Fig. 1 of reference number 157 [157]